ANP 1105 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels? - ANS Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa
Innermost tunica intima - ANS Simple squamous epithelium to allow a low friction surface
Middle tunica media - ANS Smooth muscle and elastic tissue to control the diameter
Outermost tunica externa - ANS Nerve and elastic fibers
Vasa vasorum - ANS Tiny blood vessels that supply blood for larger ones
Vasoconstriction - ANS Smooth muscle constricts to decrease the diameter
Vasodilation - ANS Smooth muscle relaxes to increase the diameter
Elastic arteries - ANS Thick walled and near the heart. They have the largest lumens and are
considered to be the conducting vessels (send blood from heart to medium arteries)
Atherosclerosis - ANS Hardening of the arteries. Blood flow gushes/trickles as the heart
beats, causing the vessel walls to weaken or eventually balloon out (aneurysm), or burst
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,Muscular arteries - ANS Considered to be the distributing vessels (deliver blood to organs).
Diameter ranges greatly
Arterioles - ANS The resistance vessels: diameter determines blood flow to capillaries as a
mechanism of homeostasis that responds to neural, hormonal, and chemical influences
Capillaries - ANS Microscopic vessels with thin walls. They allow the exchange of gasses,
nutrients and hormones between the blood and the interstitial fluid (then to the tissues)
Continuous capillaries - ANS Least permeable and most common
Fenestrated capillaries - ANS Fenestrations increase permeability
Sinusoid capillaries - ANS Most permeable to allow large cells to pass. Incomplete basement
membrane and large intercellular cleft
Capillary beds - ANS Connections between terminal arterioles and postcapillary venules. True
capillaries are the exchange vessels and the vascular shunt (thoroughfare channel) bypasses
tissue cells
Precapillary sphincter - ANS A smooth muscle cuff that regulates blood flow (like a valve)
Veins - ANS Return blood to the heart from the venules. Have thin walls because of the low
pressure, and large lumens so that blood can be returned to the heart at the same rate that it is
pumped out
Venous valves - ANS Prevent blood from flowing backwards, made from folds of tunica
intima and are mostly in the lower limbs
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, Venous sinuses - ANS Specialized veins with thick endothelium walls (example is the
coronary sinus)
Varicose veins - ANS Homeostatic imbalance - dilated veins caused by incompetent valves.
The blood pools in lower limbs and causes valves to weaken
Stages of atherosclerosis - ANS Endothelium is injured, lipids accumulate and oxidize in the
tunica intima, smooth muscle cells proliferate and then the plaque enlarges and becomes
unstable
Consequences of atherosclerosis - ANS Increases the likelihood of clot formation, may cause
aneurysm, angina, heart attack, stroke
Treatment of atherosclerosis - ANS Coronary artery bypass and graft surgery, angioplasty,
stenting or thrombolytic agents
Blood flow - ANS The volume of blood moving though a vessel/organ/entire circulatory
system within a given period (mL/min)
Blood pressure - ANS force exerted on a vessel wall by contained blood (mmHg). A pressure
gradient results from differences in BP between two points
Resistance - ANS Opposition to blood flow due to friction encountered in the vessels
Blood viscosity - ANS Resistance to flow of fluids (increased viscosity=molecules cannot slide
past eachother as well)
Relationship between blood flow and blood pressure - ANS Blood flow is directly
proportional to the difference in blood pressure (+pressure, +flow)
Relationship between blood flow and peripheral resistance - ANS Blood flow is inversely
proportional to peripheral resistance (-resistance, +flow)
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS |
LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels? - ANS Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica externa
Innermost tunica intima - ANS Simple squamous epithelium to allow a low friction surface
Middle tunica media - ANS Smooth muscle and elastic tissue to control the diameter
Outermost tunica externa - ANS Nerve and elastic fibers
Vasa vasorum - ANS Tiny blood vessels that supply blood for larger ones
Vasoconstriction - ANS Smooth muscle constricts to decrease the diameter
Vasodilation - ANS Smooth muscle relaxes to increase the diameter
Elastic arteries - ANS Thick walled and near the heart. They have the largest lumens and are
considered to be the conducting vessels (send blood from heart to medium arteries)
Atherosclerosis - ANS Hardening of the arteries. Blood flow gushes/trickles as the heart
beats, causing the vessel walls to weaken or eventually balloon out (aneurysm), or burst
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Muscular arteries - ANS Considered to be the distributing vessels (deliver blood to organs).
Diameter ranges greatly
Arterioles - ANS The resistance vessels: diameter determines blood flow to capillaries as a
mechanism of homeostasis that responds to neural, hormonal, and chemical influences
Capillaries - ANS Microscopic vessels with thin walls. They allow the exchange of gasses,
nutrients and hormones between the blood and the interstitial fluid (then to the tissues)
Continuous capillaries - ANS Least permeable and most common
Fenestrated capillaries - ANS Fenestrations increase permeability
Sinusoid capillaries - ANS Most permeable to allow large cells to pass. Incomplete basement
membrane and large intercellular cleft
Capillary beds - ANS Connections between terminal arterioles and postcapillary venules. True
capillaries are the exchange vessels and the vascular shunt (thoroughfare channel) bypasses
tissue cells
Precapillary sphincter - ANS A smooth muscle cuff that regulates blood flow (like a valve)
Veins - ANS Return blood to the heart from the venules. Have thin walls because of the low
pressure, and large lumens so that blood can be returned to the heart at the same rate that it is
pumped out
Venous valves - ANS Prevent blood from flowing backwards, made from folds of tunica
intima and are mostly in the lower limbs
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, Venous sinuses - ANS Specialized veins with thick endothelium walls (example is the
coronary sinus)
Varicose veins - ANS Homeostatic imbalance - dilated veins caused by incompetent valves.
The blood pools in lower limbs and causes valves to weaken
Stages of atherosclerosis - ANS Endothelium is injured, lipids accumulate and oxidize in the
tunica intima, smooth muscle cells proliferate and then the plaque enlarges and becomes
unstable
Consequences of atherosclerosis - ANS Increases the likelihood of clot formation, may cause
aneurysm, angina, heart attack, stroke
Treatment of atherosclerosis - ANS Coronary artery bypass and graft surgery, angioplasty,
stenting or thrombolytic agents
Blood flow - ANS The volume of blood moving though a vessel/organ/entire circulatory
system within a given period (mL/min)
Blood pressure - ANS force exerted on a vessel wall by contained blood (mmHg). A pressure
gradient results from differences in BP between two points
Resistance - ANS Opposition to blood flow due to friction encountered in the vessels
Blood viscosity - ANS Resistance to flow of fluids (increased viscosity=molecules cannot slide
past eachother as well)
Relationship between blood flow and blood pressure - ANS Blood flow is directly
proportional to the difference in blood pressure (+pressure, +flow)
Relationship between blood flow and peripheral resistance - ANS Blood flow is inversely
proportional to peripheral resistance (-resistance, +flow)
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
