ANP1105 - MIDTERM #1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Mitochondria - ANS Double-membrane structures; site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of cell
Ribosomes - ANS Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal
RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER; sites of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Membranous system coiling through the cytoplasm;
externally studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins and phospholipids; these proteins are
bound in vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of
ribosomes; site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
Golgi Apparatus - ANS A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the
nucleus; packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion
Peroxisomes - ANS Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; enzymes break down
toxic substances (i.e hydrogen peroxide)
Lysosomes - ANS Sacs containing acid hydrolases; site of intracellular digestion (i.e. digest
bacteria, viruses and toxins)
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,Microtubules - ANS Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins; support the cell and give
it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; forms centrioles, cilia and flagella;
help with cell division; constantly growing, disassembling and reassembling
Intermediate Filaments - ANS Protein fibers, composition varies; resist mechanical forces
acting on the cell; found in cells that need sturdiness (keratin, collagen)
Microfilaments - ANS Fine filaments composed of actin; involved in muscle contraction and
other types of intracellular movement; help form cell's cytoskeleton
Inclusions - ANS Storage for nutrient, wastes, and cell products (i.e. glycogen granules found
in liver and muscle cells)
Nucleus - ANS Largest organelle; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contain fluid nucleoplasm,
nucleoli and chromatin; control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic info and
providing instructions for protein synthesis
Functions of Epithelia - ANS Protection (mechanical, chemical, infectious) (skin), absorptions
(GI tract), filtration (kidneys), excretion (kidney), secretion (glands) and sensory reception (taste
buds)
5 Special Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - ANS 1. Polarity - apical and basal surfaces;
apical surface often specialized (i.e. cilia and microvilli); basal lamina acts as a selective filter
and as scaffolding
2. Specialized Contacts - cells are tightly bound together (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap
junctions)
3. Supported by Connective Tissue - basement membrane is composed of a basal lamina
(underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins) sitting on top of a reticular lamina
(network of collagen fibers); reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist tearing and defines
epithelial boundary
4. Innervated but Avascular - epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood
vessels
5. Regeneration - able to reproduce rapidly b/c they're exposed to friction or damaged by
external environment
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, 2 Criteria Used to Classify Epithelial Cells - ANS Cell shape: squamous - flattened, scale-like;
cuboidal - boxlike, uniform; columnar - tall, column shaped
Layers: simples epithelia - single layer, found where absorption, secretion or filtration occur;
stratified epithelia - two or more layers, high -abrasion areas
Simple Squamous Epithelium - ANS Single layer of flattened cells; diffusion, filtration and
secretion; found in kidneys, lungs, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and serosae
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - ANS Single layer of cuboidal cells; secretion and absorption;
found in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface
Simple Columnar Epithelium - ANS Single layer of tall cells; many have microvilli or cilia; may
contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands; absorption and secretion; found in digestive tract,
gallbladder, excretory ducts, small bronchi, uterine tubes and regions of the uterus
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - ANS Single layer of cells of differing heights (all touch
basement mem., not all reach surface); may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia;
secrete substances (particularly mucus); nonciliated in sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large
glands; ciliated line trachea
Stratified Squamous Epithelium - ANS Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically
active, surface cells are squamous; protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion;
linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina, skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - ANS Rare in the body; found in sweat and mammary glands;
has 2 layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified Columnar Epithelium - ANS Rare; small amounts found in pharynx, male urethra
and glandular ducts; occurs in transition areas; only apical layer is columnar
Transitional Epithelium - ANS Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped
(squamous-like); stretches readily; lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra
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QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Mitochondria - ANS Double-membrane structures; site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of cell
Ribosomes - ANS Dense particles consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal
RNA and protein; free or attached to rough ER; sites of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Membranous system coiling through the cytoplasm;
externally studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins and phospholipids; these proteins are
bound in vesicles and sent to the Golgi apparatus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Membranous system of sacs and tubules; free of
ribosomes; site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification
Golgi Apparatus - ANS A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the
nucleus; packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion
Peroxisomes - ANS Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; enzymes break down
toxic substances (i.e hydrogen peroxide)
Lysosomes - ANS Sacs containing acid hydrolases; site of intracellular digestion (i.e. digest
bacteria, viruses and toxins)
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Microtubules - ANS Cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins; support the cell and give
it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; forms centrioles, cilia and flagella;
help with cell division; constantly growing, disassembling and reassembling
Intermediate Filaments - ANS Protein fibers, composition varies; resist mechanical forces
acting on the cell; found in cells that need sturdiness (keratin, collagen)
Microfilaments - ANS Fine filaments composed of actin; involved in muscle contraction and
other types of intracellular movement; help form cell's cytoskeleton
Inclusions - ANS Storage for nutrient, wastes, and cell products (i.e. glycogen granules found
in liver and muscle cells)
Nucleus - ANS Largest organelle; surrounded by nuclear envelope; contain fluid nucleoplasm,
nucleoli and chromatin; control center of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic info and
providing instructions for protein synthesis
Functions of Epithelia - ANS Protection (mechanical, chemical, infectious) (skin), absorptions
(GI tract), filtration (kidneys), excretion (kidney), secretion (glands) and sensory reception (taste
buds)
5 Special Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue - ANS 1. Polarity - apical and basal surfaces;
apical surface often specialized (i.e. cilia and microvilli); basal lamina acts as a selective filter
and as scaffolding
2. Specialized Contacts - cells are tightly bound together (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap
junctions)
3. Supported by Connective Tissue - basement membrane is composed of a basal lamina
(underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins) sitting on top of a reticular lamina
(network of collagen fibers); reinforces epithelial sheet, helps resist tearing and defines
epithelial boundary
4. Innervated but Avascular - epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood
vessels
5. Regeneration - able to reproduce rapidly b/c they're exposed to friction or damaged by
external environment
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, 2 Criteria Used to Classify Epithelial Cells - ANS Cell shape: squamous - flattened, scale-like;
cuboidal - boxlike, uniform; columnar - tall, column shaped
Layers: simples epithelia - single layer, found where absorption, secretion or filtration occur;
stratified epithelia - two or more layers, high -abrasion areas
Simple Squamous Epithelium - ANS Single layer of flattened cells; diffusion, filtration and
secretion; found in kidneys, lungs, heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and serosae
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - ANS Single layer of cuboidal cells; secretion and absorption;
found in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface
Simple Columnar Epithelium - ANS Single layer of tall cells; many have microvilli or cilia; may
contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands; absorption and secretion; found in digestive tract,
gallbladder, excretory ducts, small bronchi, uterine tubes and regions of the uterus
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - ANS Single layer of cells of differing heights (all touch
basement mem., not all reach surface); may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia;
secrete substances (particularly mucus); nonciliated in sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large
glands; ciliated line trachea
Stratified Squamous Epithelium - ANS Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically
active, surface cells are squamous; protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion;
linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina, skin
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - ANS Rare in the body; found in sweat and mammary glands;
has 2 layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified Columnar Epithelium - ANS Rare; small amounts found in pharynx, male urethra
and glandular ducts; occurs in transition areas; only apical layer is columnar
Transitional Epithelium - ANS Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped
(squamous-like); stretches readily; lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra
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