Chapter 11: Developmental Theories
MULTIPLE CHOICE ra
1. When caring for a middleaged adult exhibiting maladaptive coping skills, the nursing a
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ttendant is trying to dete ra ra ra ra
rmine the cause of the hospital client ’s behavior. Which information from a growth a
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nd development perspective should the nursing attendant consider when planning ca
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re?
a. Individuals have uniform patterns of growth and development. ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. Culture usually has no effect on predictable patterns of growth and development.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
c. Health is promoted based on how many developmental failures a hospital client experiences.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra
d. When individuals experience repeated developmental failures, inadequacies
ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
sometimes result. ra
ACCURATE ar
ANSWER:-D
If individuals have repeated development failures, inadequacies sometimes result and should
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be considered. Developmental failures could manifest with ineffective coping skills. However,
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when an individual experiences successes, health is promoted. Hospital client s have unique p
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
atterns of growth and development that are not uniform. Nursing attendant s must consider t
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
he influence of culture and context on growth and development.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Understand (comprehension) ra
OBJ:Discuss theoretical underpinnings of growth and development. TOPIC:- ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
Planning MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra
2. A nursing attendant is measuring an infant’s head circumference and height. Which are
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a is the nursing attendant assessing? a. Moral development
ar ra ra ra ra ra
b. Cognitive development ra
c. Biophysical development ra
d. Psychosocial development ra
ACCURATE ar
ANSWER:-C
Biophysical development is how our physical bodies grow and change. Moral development is th
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e difference between right and wrong. Cognitive development comprises changes in intellige
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nce, use of language, and development of thinking. Psychosocial development consists of vari
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ations in emotions and relationships with others.
ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Understand (comprehension) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. ra ra ra ra ar
TOPIC:-Assessment MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra ra
3. Which question will be most appropriate for a nursing attendant to ask when assessin
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ga
ra n adult hospital client for growth and developmental delays? a. ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
―How many times per week do you exercise?‖ ra ar ra ra ra ra ra
b. ―Are you able to stand on one foot for 5 seconds?‖ ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ar
, c. ―Would you please describe your usual activities during the day?‖ ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d. ―How many hours a day do you spend watching television or sitting in front of a c
ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
omputer?‖
ACCURATE ar
ANSWER:-C
Asking the hospital client to describe usual daily activities will provide the nursing attendant
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
with useful information about the hospital client ’s current patterns. Understanding normal g
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
rowth and development helps nursing attendant s predict, prevent, and detect deviations fro
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
m hospital client s’ own expected patterns. How many hours are spent watching television or i
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
n front of a computer and how many times the hospital client exercises in a week would not p
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
rovide the nursing attendant with as much information about the hospital client ’s expected p
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
atterns when stated patterns are compared with expected patterns for the hospital client ’s ag e-
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
group to detect delays. The question about standing on one foot is for a child, not an adult.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
OBJ:Apply developmental theories when planning interventions in the care of hospital client s th
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
roughout the life span. TOPIC:-Assessment
ra ra ra
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ar ra
4. A nursing attendant is using the proximodistal pattern to assess an infant’s growth and d
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
evelopment as normal. Which assessment finding will the nursing attendant determine as
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
normal?
a. Bangs objects before turns. ra ra ra
b. Lifts head before grasps. ra ra ra
c. Walks before crawls. ra ra
d. Laughs before coos. ra ra
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B ra
Lifting the head before grasping is a normal finding according to proximodistal growth. The
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
proximodistal growth pattern starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremitie ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
s (e.g., organ systems in the trunk of the body develop before arms and legs). The infant shoul
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d turn before banging objects and crawl before walking according to the proximodistal patter
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
n of growth. The infant should coo before laughing, but this is not an example of proximodistal
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
; this is an example of language development.
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. ra ra ra ra ar
TOPIC:-Assessment MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra ra
5. A nursing attendant is assessing an 18-
ra ra ra ra ra ra
monthold toddler. The nursing attendant distinguishes normal from abnormal findings
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
by remembering Gesell’s theory of development. Which information will the nur
ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra
sing attendant consider?
ra ra
a. Growth in humans is determined solely by heredity. ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. Environmental influence does not influence development. ra ra ra ra ra
c. The cephalocaudal pattern describes the sequence in which growth is fastest at th e top.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
d. Gene activity influences development but does not affect the sequence of development.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C ra
Gesell’s theory of development states that the cephalocaudal pattern describes the sequence in
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
which growth is fastest at the top (e.g., head/brain develop faster than arm and leg coordinati
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
on). Growth in humans is determined by heredity, genes, and environment.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
, Environment does influence development. Gesell’s theory states that genes direct the sequen
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ce of development, but environmental factors also influence development, resulting in develop
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
mental changes. ra
DIF:Understand (comprehension) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. ra ra ra ra ar
TOPIC:-Assessment MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra ra
6. A nursing attendant is working with a hospital client who wants needs to be met and is imh
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ospital client and demanding when these needs are not met immediately. How should the nu
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
rsing attendant interpret this finding according to Freud? a. The id is functioning.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. The ego is functioning. ra ra ra
c. The superego is functioning. ra ra ra
d. The Oedipus complex is functioning. ra ra ra ra
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A ra
The id is functioning. The id (i.e., basic instinctual impulses driven to achieve pleasure) is the
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
most primitive part of the personality and originates in the infant. The infant, in this case the
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
hospital client , cannot tolerate delay and must have needs met immediately. The ego represen
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ts the reality component, mediating conflicts between the environment and the forces of the i
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d. The ego helps people judge reality accurately, regulate impulses, and make good decisions.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
The third component, the superego, performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
Often referred to as the conscience, the superego is influenced by the standards of outside soci
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
al forces (e.g., parent or teacher). The child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
his or her first love interest, known as the Oedipus or Electra complex. By the end of this stage
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
, the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a w
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ay to win recognition and acceptance.
ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. TOPIC:-Evaluation ra ra ra ra ar
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity ra ra
7.
The nursing attendant is teaching a youngadult couple about promoting the health and psych
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
osocial development of their 8- ra ra ra ra
yearold child. Which information from the parent indicates a correct understanding of the t
ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra ra
eaching?
a. ―We will provide consistent, devoted relationships to meet needs.‖
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. ―We will limit choices and provide punishment for mistakes.‖ ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
c. ―We will provide proper support for learning new skills.‖ ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d. ―We will instill a strong identity of who our child is.‖ ra ra ar ra ra ar ar ra ra ra
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C ra
An 8-year-old- ra
child would be in the industry versus inferiority stage of development. During this stage, the c
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
hild needs to be praised (proper support) for accomplishments such as learning new skills. Dev
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra
eloping a strong identity is part of the identity versus role confusion stage, usually occurring
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
during puberty. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, limiting choices and har
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
sh punishment lead to feelings of shame and doubt. Providing consistent, devoted relationshi
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
p to meet needs is usually a part of the trust versus mistrust stage.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
MULTIPLE CHOICE ra
1. When caring for a middleaged adult exhibiting maladaptive coping skills, the nursing a
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
ttendant is trying to dete ra ra ra ra
rmine the cause of the hospital client ’s behavior. Which information from a growth a
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
nd development perspective should the nursing attendant consider when planning ca
ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra
re?
a. Individuals have uniform patterns of growth and development. ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. Culture usually has no effect on predictable patterns of growth and development.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
c. Health is promoted based on how many developmental failures a hospital client experiences.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra
d. When individuals experience repeated developmental failures, inadequacies
ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
sometimes result. ra
ACCURATE ar
ANSWER:-D
If individuals have repeated development failures, inadequacies sometimes result and should
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
be considered. Developmental failures could manifest with ineffective coping skills. However,
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
when an individual experiences successes, health is promoted. Hospital client s have unique p
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
atterns of growth and development that are not uniform. Nursing attendant s must consider t
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
he influence of culture and context on growth and development.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Understand (comprehension) ra
OBJ:Discuss theoretical underpinnings of growth and development. TOPIC:- ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
Planning MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra
2. A nursing attendant is measuring an infant’s head circumference and height. Which are
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
a is the nursing attendant assessing? a. Moral development
ar ra ra ra ra ra
b. Cognitive development ra
c. Biophysical development ra
d. Psychosocial development ra
ACCURATE ar
ANSWER:-C
Biophysical development is how our physical bodies grow and change. Moral development is th
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
e difference between right and wrong. Cognitive development comprises changes in intellige
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
nce, use of language, and development of thinking. Psychosocial development consists of vari
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ations in emotions and relationships with others.
ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Understand (comprehension) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. ra ra ra ra ar
TOPIC:-Assessment MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra ra
3. Which question will be most appropriate for a nursing attendant to ask when assessin
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ga
ra n adult hospital client for growth and developmental delays? a. ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
―How many times per week do you exercise?‖ ra ar ra ra ra ra ra
b. ―Are you able to stand on one foot for 5 seconds?‖ ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ar
, c. ―Would you please describe your usual activities during the day?‖ ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d. ―How many hours a day do you spend watching television or sitting in front of a c
ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
omputer?‖
ACCURATE ar
ANSWER:-C
Asking the hospital client to describe usual daily activities will provide the nursing attendant
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
with useful information about the hospital client ’s current patterns. Understanding normal g
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
rowth and development helps nursing attendant s predict, prevent, and detect deviations fro
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
m hospital client s’ own expected patterns. How many hours are spent watching television or i
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
n front of a computer and how many times the hospital client exercises in a week would not p
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
rovide the nursing attendant with as much information about the hospital client ’s expected p
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
atterns when stated patterns are compared with expected patterns for the hospital client ’s ag e-
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
group to detect delays. The question about standing on one foot is for a child, not an adult.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
OBJ:Apply developmental theories when planning interventions in the care of hospital client s th
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
roughout the life span. TOPIC:-Assessment
ra ra ra
MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ar ra
4. A nursing attendant is using the proximodistal pattern to assess an infant’s growth and d
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
evelopment as normal. Which assessment finding will the nursing attendant determine as
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
normal?
a. Bangs objects before turns. ra ra ra
b. Lifts head before grasps. ra ra ra
c. Walks before crawls. ra ra
d. Laughs before coos. ra ra
ACCURATE ANSWER:-B ra
Lifting the head before grasping is a normal finding according to proximodistal growth. The
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
proximodistal growth pattern starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremitie ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
s (e.g., organ systems in the trunk of the body develop before arms and legs). The infant shoul
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d turn before banging objects and crawl before walking according to the proximodistal patter
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
n of growth. The infant should coo before laughing, but this is not an example of proximodistal
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
; this is an example of language development.
ar ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. ra ra ra ra ar
TOPIC:-Assessment MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra ra
5. A nursing attendant is assessing an 18-
ra ra ra ra ra ra
monthold toddler. The nursing attendant distinguishes normal from abnormal findings
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
by remembering Gesell’s theory of development. Which information will the nur
ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra
sing attendant consider?
ra ra
a. Growth in humans is determined solely by heredity. ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. Environmental influence does not influence development. ra ra ra ra ra
c. The cephalocaudal pattern describes the sequence in which growth is fastest at th e top.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
d. Gene activity influences development but does not affect the sequence of development.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C ra
Gesell’s theory of development states that the cephalocaudal pattern describes the sequence in
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
which growth is fastest at the top (e.g., head/brain develop faster than arm and leg coordinati
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
on). Growth in humans is determined by heredity, genes, and environment.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
, Environment does influence development. Gesell’s theory states that genes direct the sequen
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ce of development, but environmental factors also influence development, resulting in develop
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
mental changes. ra
DIF:Understand (comprehension) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. ra ra ra ra ar
TOPIC:-Assessment MSC: Health Promotion and Maintenance ra ra ra ra ra
6. A nursing attendant is working with a hospital client who wants needs to be met and is imh
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ospital client and demanding when these needs are not met immediately. How should the nu
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
rsing attendant interpret this finding according to Freud? a. The id is functioning.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. The ego is functioning. ra ra ra
c. The superego is functioning. ra ra ra
d. The Oedipus complex is functioning. ra ra ra ra
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A ra
The id is functioning. The id (i.e., basic instinctual impulses driven to achieve pleasure) is the
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
most primitive part of the personality and originates in the infant. The infant, in this case the
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
hospital client , cannot tolerate delay and must have needs met immediately. The ego represen
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ts the reality component, mediating conflicts between the environment and the forces of the i
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d. The ego helps people judge reality accurately, regulate impulses, and make good decisions.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
The third component, the superego, performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
Often referred to as the conscience, the superego is influenced by the standards of outside soci
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
al forces (e.g., parent or teacher). The child fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
his or her first love interest, known as the Oedipus or Electra complex. By the end of this stage
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
, the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a w
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
ay to win recognition and acceptance.
ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
OBJ:Define and compare developmental theories. TOPIC:-Evaluation ra ra ra ra ar
MSC: Psychosocial Integrity ra ra
7.
The nursing attendant is teaching a youngadult couple about promoting the health and psych
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar
osocial development of their 8- ra ra ra ra
yearold child. Which information from the parent indicates a correct understanding of the t
ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra ra ra ra ra
eaching?
a. ―We will provide consistent, devoted relationships to meet needs.‖
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
b. ―We will limit choices and provide punishment for mistakes.‖ ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
c. ―We will provide proper support for learning new skills.‖ ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
d. ―We will instill a strong identity of who our child is.‖ ra ra ar ra ra ar ar ra ra ra
ACCURATE ANSWER:-C ra
An 8-year-old- ra
child would be in the industry versus inferiority stage of development. During this stage, the c
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
hild needs to be praised (proper support) for accomplishments such as learning new skills. Dev
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ar ra ra
eloping a strong identity is part of the identity versus role confusion stage, usually occurring
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
during puberty. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage, limiting choices and har
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
sh punishment lead to feelings of shame and doubt. Providing consistent, devoted relationshi
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
p to meet needs is usually a part of the trust versus mistrust stage.
ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra ra
DIF:Analyze (analysis) ra
