Science Medicine Pulmonology
AHA PALS
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PHR 3101 Test 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 NSG 6020 Midterm Advanc
Teacher 53 terms Teacher 60 terms Teacher 69 terms 40 terms
denisjoshua77 Preview Lilysammy Preview Lal_Lyn5 Preview Oliv
Capillary refill time is the time it takes for blood to return to tissue blanched by
pressure. It increases as skin perfusion decreases. Note that normal capillary refill
Capillary refill
time is 2 seconds or less, and a prolonged capillary refill time may indicate low
cardiac output
• Lifting the extremity slightly above the level of the heart
Evaluate capillary refill in a neutral thermal
• Pressing on the skin
environment (ie, room temperature) by
• Rapidly releasing the pressure
Hypoglycemia refers to blood glucose 45 mg/dL or less in the newly born and 60
mg/dL or less in a child. It may result in brain injury if not recognized and effectively
treated. Base treatment decisions on patient symptoms, and potentially include oral
BGL in pediatrics glucose. Monitor the blood glucose concentration of any seriously ill infant or child.
A low blood glucose concentration may cause altered level of consciousness or
even brain injury if it is not quickly identified and adequately treated. Measure the
blood glucose concentration with a point-of-care glucose test.
• Increased airway resistance (upper and lower)
Important factors associated with • Decreased lung compliance
increased work of breathing: • Use of accessory muscles of respiration
• Disordered central nervous system control of breathing
, • Airway resistance, or the impedance to airflow within the airways, is primarily
increased by reducing the size of the conducting airways, either by airway
constriction or inflammation. Turbulent airflow also causes increased airway
resistance. Airflow may become turbulent when the flow rate increases, even if the
airway size remains unchanged. When airway resistance increases, work of breathing
increases in an attempt to maintain airflow despite the increase in airway resistance.
• Larger airways provide lower resistance to airflow than smaller. Airway resistance
Airway resistance
decreases as lung volume increases (inflation) because airway dilation accompanies
lung inflation.
• Conditions such as edema, bronchoconstriction, secretions, mucus, or a mediastinal
mass impinging on large or small airways can decrease airway size, thereby
increasing airway resistance.
• Resistance in the upper airway, particularly in the nasal or nasopharyngeal
passages, can represent a significant portion of tot
• Compliance refers to the distensibility of the lung, chest wall, or both. Specifically,
lung compliance is defined as the change in lung volume produced by a change in
driving pressure across the lung. When lung compliance is high, the lungs easily
inflate, a large change in volume produced by a slight change in driving pressure.
• The lungs are stiffer in a child with low lung compliance, so it takes more effort to
Lung compliance
inflate them. To create a significant pressure gradient to produce air flow into the stiff
lung, the diaphragm contracts more forcefully, increasing intrathoracic volume and
reducing intrathoracic pressure. Poorly compliant lungs will also lead to increased
work of breathing. During mechanical ventilation, increased positive airway pressure
is needed to achieve adequate ventilation when lung compliance decreases.
• The chest wall in infants and young children is compliant. Therefore, relatively small
pressure changes can move the chest wall. During normal breathing, diaphragm
contraction in infants pulls the lower ribs slightly inward but does not cause
significant chest retraction. However, forcefully contracting the diaphragm results in
Decreased lung compliance a large drop in pressure within the chest, pulling the chest inward (ie, retracting it)
during inspiration.
• When lung compliance is reduced, maximum inspiratory effort may not produce
adequate tidal volume because marked retractions of the chest wall limit lung
expansion during inspiration.
• Brainstem respiratory centers
Breathing is controlled by complex
• Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
mechanisms involving...
• Voluntary control
A group of respiratory centers located in the brainstem controls spontaneous
breathing. Voluntary control from the cerebral cortex, such as breath holding,
Respiratory center panting, and sighing, can also override breathing. Conditions like infection of the
central nervous system, traumatic brain injury, and drug overdose can impair
respiratory drive, resulting in hypoventilation or even apnea.
Note that central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the hydrogen ion
concentration of cerebrospinal fluid, which is largely determined by the arterial CO2
Chemoreceptors tension (Paco,). Peripheral chemoreceptors (eg, the carotid body) respond primarily
to a decrease in arterial oxygen (Pa02); some receptors also respond to an increase
in Paco2
• Increases intrathoracic pressure and impedes venous return, thus decreasing filling
of the heart between compressions, reducing blood flow generated by the next
Healthcare providers often deliver
compression, and reducing coronary perfusion and cerebral blood flow
excessive ventilation during CPR, which is
• Causes air trapping and barotrauma in children with small airway obstruction
harmful because it...
• Increases the risk of regurgitation and aspiration in children without an advanced
airway
AHA PALS
Save
Students also studied
Flashcard sets Study guides Practice tests
PHR 3101 Test 2 NSG 3850 Exam 2 NSG 6020 Midterm Advanc
Teacher 53 terms Teacher 60 terms Teacher 69 terms 40 terms
denisjoshua77 Preview Lilysammy Preview Lal_Lyn5 Preview Oliv
Capillary refill time is the time it takes for blood to return to tissue blanched by
pressure. It increases as skin perfusion decreases. Note that normal capillary refill
Capillary refill
time is 2 seconds or less, and a prolonged capillary refill time may indicate low
cardiac output
• Lifting the extremity slightly above the level of the heart
Evaluate capillary refill in a neutral thermal
• Pressing on the skin
environment (ie, room temperature) by
• Rapidly releasing the pressure
Hypoglycemia refers to blood glucose 45 mg/dL or less in the newly born and 60
mg/dL or less in a child. It may result in brain injury if not recognized and effectively
treated. Base treatment decisions on patient symptoms, and potentially include oral
BGL in pediatrics glucose. Monitor the blood glucose concentration of any seriously ill infant or child.
A low blood glucose concentration may cause altered level of consciousness or
even brain injury if it is not quickly identified and adequately treated. Measure the
blood glucose concentration with a point-of-care glucose test.
• Increased airway resistance (upper and lower)
Important factors associated with • Decreased lung compliance
increased work of breathing: • Use of accessory muscles of respiration
• Disordered central nervous system control of breathing
, • Airway resistance, or the impedance to airflow within the airways, is primarily
increased by reducing the size of the conducting airways, either by airway
constriction or inflammation. Turbulent airflow also causes increased airway
resistance. Airflow may become turbulent when the flow rate increases, even if the
airway size remains unchanged. When airway resistance increases, work of breathing
increases in an attempt to maintain airflow despite the increase in airway resistance.
• Larger airways provide lower resistance to airflow than smaller. Airway resistance
Airway resistance
decreases as lung volume increases (inflation) because airway dilation accompanies
lung inflation.
• Conditions such as edema, bronchoconstriction, secretions, mucus, or a mediastinal
mass impinging on large or small airways can decrease airway size, thereby
increasing airway resistance.
• Resistance in the upper airway, particularly in the nasal or nasopharyngeal
passages, can represent a significant portion of tot
• Compliance refers to the distensibility of the lung, chest wall, or both. Specifically,
lung compliance is defined as the change in lung volume produced by a change in
driving pressure across the lung. When lung compliance is high, the lungs easily
inflate, a large change in volume produced by a slight change in driving pressure.
• The lungs are stiffer in a child with low lung compliance, so it takes more effort to
Lung compliance
inflate them. To create a significant pressure gradient to produce air flow into the stiff
lung, the diaphragm contracts more forcefully, increasing intrathoracic volume and
reducing intrathoracic pressure. Poorly compliant lungs will also lead to increased
work of breathing. During mechanical ventilation, increased positive airway pressure
is needed to achieve adequate ventilation when lung compliance decreases.
• The chest wall in infants and young children is compliant. Therefore, relatively small
pressure changes can move the chest wall. During normal breathing, diaphragm
contraction in infants pulls the lower ribs slightly inward but does not cause
significant chest retraction. However, forcefully contracting the diaphragm results in
Decreased lung compliance a large drop in pressure within the chest, pulling the chest inward (ie, retracting it)
during inspiration.
• When lung compliance is reduced, maximum inspiratory effort may not produce
adequate tidal volume because marked retractions of the chest wall limit lung
expansion during inspiration.
• Brainstem respiratory centers
Breathing is controlled by complex
• Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
mechanisms involving...
• Voluntary control
A group of respiratory centers located in the brainstem controls spontaneous
breathing. Voluntary control from the cerebral cortex, such as breath holding,
Respiratory center panting, and sighing, can also override breathing. Conditions like infection of the
central nervous system, traumatic brain injury, and drug overdose can impair
respiratory drive, resulting in hypoventilation or even apnea.
Note that central chemoreceptors respond to changes in the hydrogen ion
concentration of cerebrospinal fluid, which is largely determined by the arterial CO2
Chemoreceptors tension (Paco,). Peripheral chemoreceptors (eg, the carotid body) respond primarily
to a decrease in arterial oxygen (Pa02); some receptors also respond to an increase
in Paco2
• Increases intrathoracic pressure and impedes venous return, thus decreasing filling
of the heart between compressions, reducing blood flow generated by the next
Healthcare providers often deliver
compression, and reducing coronary perfusion and cerebral blood flow
excessive ventilation during CPR, which is
• Causes air trapping and barotrauma in children with small airway obstruction
harmful because it...
• Increases the risk of regurgitation and aspiration in children without an advanced
airway
