McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
1. Chapter 1, Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
A researcher is studying a hormone that binds to a receptor on
the cell surface, activating a cascade of intracellular second
messengers to elicit a cellular response. This is an example of
which type of signaling?
A. Endocrine signaling
B. Direct signaling through gap junctions
C. Contact-dependent signaling
D. Paracrine signaling
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Endocrine signaling involves hormones that are
secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to bind to
distant target cells, which is described in the scenario. Direct
signaling through gap junctions allows for direct cytoplasmic
exchange between adjacent cells. Contact-dependent signaling
requires cells to have direct membrane-to-membrane contact.
Paracrine signaling involves local chemical mediators that affect
only nearby target cells.
,Teaching Point: Endocrine signaling utilizes the circulatory
system to transmit hormones to distant target cells.
2. Chapter 1, Cellular Metabolism
A patient with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with
lactic acidosis. This is most directly due to alcohol metabolism
altering the cytoplasmic ratio of:
A. ATP/ADP
B. NAD+/NADH
C. FAD/FADH2
D. Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism shunts pyruvate to lactate by
consuming NAD+ to form NADH, creating a highly reduced
cytoplasmic environment. This high NADH/NAD+ ratio inhibits
gluconeogenesis and promotes lactic acidosis. While ATP/ADP
and FAD/FADH2 are involved in metabolism, the primary redox
couple affected is NAD+/NADH. Oxygen/CO2 is more related to
respiratory function.
Teaching Point: Alcohol metabolism increases the NADH/NAD+
ratio, promoting lactic acidosis by shifting pyruvate to lactate.
3. Chapter 1, Structure and Function of Cellular Components
A genetic mutation disrupts the structure of the Golgi
apparatus. Which cellular process would be most directly and
,severely impaired?
A. Generation of ATP
B. Modification and packaging of proteins for secretion
C. Detoxification of harmful substances
D. Breakdown of phagocytosed debris
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to
modify, sort, and package proteins synthesized on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum into vesicles for transport to other
organelles or for secretion. ATP generation is the primary role of
mitochondria. Detoxification is a key function of the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum. Breakdown of debris is the role of
lysosomes.
Teaching Point: The Golgi apparatus is the central organelle for
processing, sorting, and packaging proteins for cellular use or
export.
4. Chapter 1, Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
Glucose moves from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cell
against its concentration gradient by coupling its transport with
sodium, which is moving down its gradient. This process is best
described as:
A. Simple diffusion
B. Primary active transport
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Secondary active transport
, Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in
an electrochemical gradient (in this case, for sodium)
established by primary active transport (the Na+/K+ ATPase
pump) to move another substance (glucose) against its
gradient. Simple and facilitated diffusion are passive processes
that do not require energy and move substances down their
gradient. Primary active transport directly uses ATP.
Teaching Point: Secondary active transport harnesses the
energy of one ion's gradient to power the movement of another
molecule.
5. Chapter 1, Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle
A chemotherapeutic agent works by preventing the formation
of the mitotic spindle. This drug would have its most potent
effect during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The M phase (mitosis) is when the cell divides, a
process that is critically dependent on the mitotic spindle to
separate chromosomes. The G1, S (DNA synthesis), and G2
phases are all part of interphase, where the cell prepares for
division but the spindle has not yet formed.
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children
9th Edition
• Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
1. Chapter 1, Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
A researcher is studying a hormone that binds to a receptor on
the cell surface, activating a cascade of intracellular second
messengers to elicit a cellular response. This is an example of
which type of signaling?
A. Endocrine signaling
B. Direct signaling through gap junctions
C. Contact-dependent signaling
D. Paracrine signaling
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Endocrine signaling involves hormones that are
secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands to bind to
distant target cells, which is described in the scenario. Direct
signaling through gap junctions allows for direct cytoplasmic
exchange between adjacent cells. Contact-dependent signaling
requires cells to have direct membrane-to-membrane contact.
Paracrine signaling involves local chemical mediators that affect
only nearby target cells.
,Teaching Point: Endocrine signaling utilizes the circulatory
system to transmit hormones to distant target cells.
2. Chapter 1, Cellular Metabolism
A patient with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with
lactic acidosis. This is most directly due to alcohol metabolism
altering the cytoplasmic ratio of:
A. ATP/ADP
B. NAD+/NADH
C. FAD/FADH2
D. Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ethanol metabolism shunts pyruvate to lactate by
consuming NAD+ to form NADH, creating a highly reduced
cytoplasmic environment. This high NADH/NAD+ ratio inhibits
gluconeogenesis and promotes lactic acidosis. While ATP/ADP
and FAD/FADH2 are involved in metabolism, the primary redox
couple affected is NAD+/NADH. Oxygen/CO2 is more related to
respiratory function.
Teaching Point: Alcohol metabolism increases the NADH/NAD+
ratio, promoting lactic acidosis by shifting pyruvate to lactate.
3. Chapter 1, Structure and Function of Cellular Components
A genetic mutation disrupts the structure of the Golgi
apparatus. Which cellular process would be most directly and
,severely impaired?
A. Generation of ATP
B. Modification and packaging of proteins for secretion
C. Detoxification of harmful substances
D. Breakdown of phagocytosed debris
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of the Golgi apparatus is to
modify, sort, and package proteins synthesized on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum into vesicles for transport to other
organelles or for secretion. ATP generation is the primary role of
mitochondria. Detoxification is a key function of the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum. Breakdown of debris is the role of
lysosomes.
Teaching Point: The Golgi apparatus is the central organelle for
processing, sorting, and packaging proteins for cellular use or
export.
4. Chapter 1, Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
Glucose moves from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cell
against its concentration gradient by coupling its transport with
sodium, which is moving down its gradient. This process is best
described as:
A. Simple diffusion
B. Primary active transport
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Secondary active transport
, Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in
an electrochemical gradient (in this case, for sodium)
established by primary active transport (the Na+/K+ ATPase
pump) to move another substance (glucose) against its
gradient. Simple and facilitated diffusion are passive processes
that do not require energy and move substances down their
gradient. Primary active transport directly uses ATP.
Teaching Point: Secondary active transport harnesses the
energy of one ion's gradient to power the movement of another
molecule.
5. Chapter 1, Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle
A chemotherapeutic agent works by preventing the formation
of the mitotic spindle. This drug would have its most potent
effect during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. G1 phase
B. S phase
C. G2 phase
D. M phase
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The M phase (mitosis) is when the cell divides, a
process that is critically dependent on the mitotic spindle to
separate chromosomes. The G1, S (DNA synthesis), and G2
phases are all part of interphase, where the cell prepares for
division but the spindle has not yet formed.
