PYC4812 Assignment 3 (Psychology) EXAM
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QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS
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PYC4812 – Assignment 3 Exam Study Guide: Questions 1–30
1. Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
A) Learning through rewards and punishments
B) Learning through observation
C) Learning through association between stimuli
D) Learning through trial and error
Explanation: Classical conditioning is the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes
associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
2. In operant conditioning, a behavior followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to:
A) Decrease
B) Remain the same
C) Increase
D) Be forgotten
Explanation: Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by providing a desirable outcome
after the action.
3. Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
A) Carl Rogers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing unconscious motives and childhood
experiences as key influences on behavior.
, 4. Which stage in Piaget’s cognitive development involves abstract thinking?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
Explanation: The formal operational stage (11+ years) is characterized by the ability to think
abstractly and hypothetically.
5. According to Maslow, which of the following is a self-actualization need?
A) Food
B) Safety
C) Esteem
D) Personal growth and fulfillment
Explanation: Self-actualization represents the realization of personal potential and self-
fulfillment.
6. Which type of memory has the shortest duration?
A) Long-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Procedural memory
Explanation: Sensory memory holds information for only a few seconds, just long enough to
process it.
7. The “Little Albert” experiment demonstrated:
A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Cognitive development
Explanation: Watson and Rayner conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, illustrating
classical conditioning principles.
, 8. Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Acetylcholine
Explanation: Dopamine plays a key role in reward processing and motivation.
9. Erikson’s stage of “Identity vs. Role Confusion” occurs in:
A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Adulthood
Explanation: Adolescents explore personal identity and social roles to establish a sense of self.
10. Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially
acceptable behavior?
A) Repression
B) Projection
C) Sublimation
D) Denial
Explanation: Sublimation channels socially unacceptable impulses into constructive activities.
11. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment illustrated:
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Cognitive dissonance
Explanation: Children observed aggressive behavior in adults and imitated it, demonstrating
learning through observation.
12. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating emotions?
A) Hippocampus
STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 || VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED ANSWERS
PACK <UPDATED>
PYC4812 – Assignment 3 Exam Study Guide: Questions 1–30
1. Which of the following best describes classical conditioning?
A) Learning through rewards and punishments
B) Learning through observation
C) Learning through association between stimuli
D) Learning through trial and error
Explanation: Classical conditioning is the process by which a neutral stimulus becomes
associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.
2. In operant conditioning, a behavior followed by a pleasant consequence is likely to:
A) Decrease
B) Remain the same
C) Increase
D) Be forgotten
Explanation: Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by providing a desirable outcome
after the action.
3. Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
A) Carl Rogers
B) Sigmund Freud
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Freud developed psychoanalysis, emphasizing unconscious motives and childhood
experiences as key influences on behavior.
, 4. Which stage in Piaget’s cognitive development involves abstract thinking?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
Explanation: The formal operational stage (11+ years) is characterized by the ability to think
abstractly and hypothetically.
5. According to Maslow, which of the following is a self-actualization need?
A) Food
B) Safety
C) Esteem
D) Personal growth and fulfillment
Explanation: Self-actualization represents the realization of personal potential and self-
fulfillment.
6. Which type of memory has the shortest duration?
A) Long-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Short-term memory
D) Procedural memory
Explanation: Sensory memory holds information for only a few seconds, just long enough to
process it.
7. The “Little Albert” experiment demonstrated:
A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Cognitive development
Explanation: Watson and Rayner conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, illustrating
classical conditioning principles.
, 8. Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pleasure and reward?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Acetylcholine
Explanation: Dopamine plays a key role in reward processing and motivation.
9. Erikson’s stage of “Identity vs. Role Confusion” occurs in:
A) Infancy
B) Early childhood
C) Adolescence
D) Adulthood
Explanation: Adolescents explore personal identity and social roles to establish a sense of self.
10. Which defense mechanism involves redirecting unacceptable impulses into socially
acceptable behavior?
A) Repression
B) Projection
C) Sublimation
D) Denial
Explanation: Sublimation channels socially unacceptable impulses into constructive activities.
11. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment illustrated:
A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Cognitive dissonance
Explanation: Children observed aggressive behavior in adults and imitated it, demonstrating
learning through observation.
12. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating emotions?
A) Hippocampus
