PSY 121: Methods and Tools of
Psychology - Exam 1 with complete
solutions
empirical approach - ANS ✔an idea must be studied under conditions in which it can be either
supported or refuted and researched in a way that can be observed and replicated by others
goals of science - ANS ✔to describe, predict, determine the causes of, and understand or
explain behavior
causes of behavior - ANS ✔temporal precedence, covariation of cause and effect, alternative
explanations
temporal precedence - ANS ✔cause precedes effect
covariation of cause and effect - ANS ✔when cause is present, effect should occur; when cause
is not present, effect should not occur
alternative explanations - ANS ✔nothing other than causal variable can be responsible for
observed effect
basic research - ANS ✔tries to answer questions about nature of behavior; addresses theoretical
issues
applied research - ANS ✔tries to address issues in which there are practical problems and
potential solutions
, five sources of ideas - ANS ✔common sense, observations of world around us, theories, past
research, practical problems
research article sections - ANS ✔abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion
Belmont Report - ANS ✔three basic principles are beneficence, respect for persons, and justice
benificence - ANS ✔maximize benefits and minimize harmful effects of participation
respect for persons (autonomy) - ANS ✔participants are capable of making deliberate decisions
about whether to participate in research
informed consent - ANS ✔purpose of study, risks and benefits of participation, rights to refuse
or terminate participation
justice - ANS ✔addresses fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as accepting risks;
inclusion or exclusion of certain people from a research study must be justified on scientific
grounds
five principles - ANS ✔beneficence and non-maleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity,
justice, respect for people's rights and dignity
Institutional Review Board (IRB) - ANS ✔composed of five scientists and non-scientists; decides
whether or not proposed research can be conducted
variable - ANS ✔any event, situation, behavior, or characteristic that has at least two values
conceptual definition - ANS ✔dictionary definition
Psychology - Exam 1 with complete
solutions
empirical approach - ANS ✔an idea must be studied under conditions in which it can be either
supported or refuted and researched in a way that can be observed and replicated by others
goals of science - ANS ✔to describe, predict, determine the causes of, and understand or
explain behavior
causes of behavior - ANS ✔temporal precedence, covariation of cause and effect, alternative
explanations
temporal precedence - ANS ✔cause precedes effect
covariation of cause and effect - ANS ✔when cause is present, effect should occur; when cause
is not present, effect should not occur
alternative explanations - ANS ✔nothing other than causal variable can be responsible for
observed effect
basic research - ANS ✔tries to answer questions about nature of behavior; addresses theoretical
issues
applied research - ANS ✔tries to address issues in which there are practical problems and
potential solutions
, five sources of ideas - ANS ✔common sense, observations of world around us, theories, past
research, practical problems
research article sections - ANS ✔abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion
Belmont Report - ANS ✔three basic principles are beneficence, respect for persons, and justice
benificence - ANS ✔maximize benefits and minimize harmful effects of participation
respect for persons (autonomy) - ANS ✔participants are capable of making deliberate decisions
about whether to participate in research
informed consent - ANS ✔purpose of study, risks and benefits of participation, rights to refuse
or terminate participation
justice - ANS ✔addresses fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as accepting risks;
inclusion or exclusion of certain people from a research study must be justified on scientific
grounds
five principles - ANS ✔beneficence and non-maleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity,
justice, respect for people's rights and dignity
Institutional Review Board (IRB) - ANS ✔composed of five scientists and non-scientists; decides
whether or not proposed research can be conducted
variable - ANS ✔any event, situation, behavior, or characteristic that has at least two values
conceptual definition - ANS ✔dictionary definition
