PSY 121 McNew Missouri State
University FINAL EXAM questions well
answered
Anterograde amnesia - ANS ✔type of amnesia characterized by the inability to form new
memories; people with this can remember events from their past, but have difficulty creating
new long-term memories
Attention - ANS ✔the act of directing cognitive resources in a particular direction
auditory coding - ANS ✔a type of processing used by the brain based on sounds
Chunking - ANS ✔strategy of combining individual small chunks of information into larger
meaningful units
connectionist models of memory - ANS ✔an approach in cognitive science that describes
memory as interconnected networks in the brain
cued recall - ANS ✔information from long-term memory becomes available after a retrieval cue
is presented
decay - ANS ✔short-term memory loss due to information disappearing over time
echoic memory - ANS ✔part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and
accurately remember sounds
,effortful processing - ANS ✔using time and energy to process information deeply to aid
understanding and memory; opposite of maintenance rehersal
elaborative rehersal - ANS ✔an effortful processing strategy that focuses on elaborating on the
information and making it personally meaningful
encoding - ANS ✔process used to consolidate information from working memory to long-term
memory
encoding specificity - ANS ✔information is encoded along with its context; memory recall is best
when the retrieval context matches the encoding context
episodic memories - ANS ✔a type of explicit memory involving entire sequences of events;
memories tend to be autobiographical
explicit memories - ANS ✔conscious memories of facts or experiences
flashbulb memories - ANS ✔vivid, long-lasting memories about the circumstances surrounding
the discovery of an extremely emotional event
free recall - ANS ✔retrieval of information from long-term memory without the help of any kind
of retrieval cues
iconic memory - ANS ✔part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and accurately
remember visual images
implicit memories - ANS ✔memories that exist below the level of conscious awareness
,information processing approach - ANS ✔general theory of memory stating memories are
encoded, stored, and retrieved later when needed
interference - ANS ✔explanation for short-term memory loss whereby new information
interferes with the information currently in short-term memory
long-term memory - ANS ✔according to the 3-stage model of memory, the structure where
information is stored for long periods of time
long-term potentiation - ANS ✔(LTP) biological explanation for the development of long-term
memories; memories are formed as a result of strengthened neural connections
maintenance rehearsal - ANS ✔memory strategy that involves repeating or rehearsing
information to maintain it in short-term memory
memory - ANS ✔a collection of information and experiences stored in the brain for retrieval at a
later time
misinformation effect - ANS ✔when an event or situation occurring after the initial memory
modifies that memory and affects the accuracy of recall
mnemonics - ANS ✔memory strategies that connect information to be learned to something
else that then serves as a trigger for retrieval
motivated forgetting - ANS ✔the active forgetting of experiences, typically in response to a
stressful or traumatic situation
parallel distributed processing model of memory - ANS ✔example of a connectionist memory
model that states memories are distributed throughout the brain and represented in the
pattern of activation between neurons
, pragmatic interference - ANS ✔the effects real-world knowledge and experience have on the
accuracy of memories
primacy effect - ANS ✔the tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list
priming - ANS ✔aspect of implicit memory involving presenting a stimulus that activates
unconscious associations that then lead to a predictable response
proactive interference - ANS ✔forgetting occurs when previously learned information interferes
with the ability to recall new information
procedural memory - ANS ✔type of memory consisting of habits and skills
recency effect - ANS ✔tendency to easily recall words at the end of the list
recognition - ANS ✔retrieval of information that occurs after seeing the correct answer provided
among a group of possible answers
reconstructive memory - ANS ✔the act of remembering requires a reconstruction of previous
events
retrieval - ANS ✔the ability to access information from long-term memory when needed
retrieval cues - ANS ✔bits of information that trigger the memory to become available
retroactive interference - ANS ✔forgetting occurs when new information interferes with the
ability to recall older memories
University FINAL EXAM questions well
answered
Anterograde amnesia - ANS ✔type of amnesia characterized by the inability to form new
memories; people with this can remember events from their past, but have difficulty creating
new long-term memories
Attention - ANS ✔the act of directing cognitive resources in a particular direction
auditory coding - ANS ✔a type of processing used by the brain based on sounds
Chunking - ANS ✔strategy of combining individual small chunks of information into larger
meaningful units
connectionist models of memory - ANS ✔an approach in cognitive science that describes
memory as interconnected networks in the brain
cued recall - ANS ✔information from long-term memory becomes available after a retrieval cue
is presented
decay - ANS ✔short-term memory loss due to information disappearing over time
echoic memory - ANS ✔part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and
accurately remember sounds
,effortful processing - ANS ✔using time and energy to process information deeply to aid
understanding and memory; opposite of maintenance rehersal
elaborative rehersal - ANS ✔an effortful processing strategy that focuses on elaborating on the
information and making it personally meaningful
encoding - ANS ✔process used to consolidate information from working memory to long-term
memory
encoding specificity - ANS ✔information is encoded along with its context; memory recall is best
when the retrieval context matches the encoding context
episodic memories - ANS ✔a type of explicit memory involving entire sequences of events;
memories tend to be autobiographical
explicit memories - ANS ✔conscious memories of facts or experiences
flashbulb memories - ANS ✔vivid, long-lasting memories about the circumstances surrounding
the discovery of an extremely emotional event
free recall - ANS ✔retrieval of information from long-term memory without the help of any kind
of retrieval cues
iconic memory - ANS ✔part of sensory memory that involves the ability to briefly and accurately
remember visual images
implicit memories - ANS ✔memories that exist below the level of conscious awareness
,information processing approach - ANS ✔general theory of memory stating memories are
encoded, stored, and retrieved later when needed
interference - ANS ✔explanation for short-term memory loss whereby new information
interferes with the information currently in short-term memory
long-term memory - ANS ✔according to the 3-stage model of memory, the structure where
information is stored for long periods of time
long-term potentiation - ANS ✔(LTP) biological explanation for the development of long-term
memories; memories are formed as a result of strengthened neural connections
maintenance rehearsal - ANS ✔memory strategy that involves repeating or rehearsing
information to maintain it in short-term memory
memory - ANS ✔a collection of information and experiences stored in the brain for retrieval at a
later time
misinformation effect - ANS ✔when an event or situation occurring after the initial memory
modifies that memory and affects the accuracy of recall
mnemonics - ANS ✔memory strategies that connect information to be learned to something
else that then serves as a trigger for retrieval
motivated forgetting - ANS ✔the active forgetting of experiences, typically in response to a
stressful or traumatic situation
parallel distributed processing model of memory - ANS ✔example of a connectionist memory
model that states memories are distributed throughout the brain and represented in the
pattern of activation between neurons
, pragmatic interference - ANS ✔the effects real-world knowledge and experience have on the
accuracy of memories
primacy effect - ANS ✔the tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list
priming - ANS ✔aspect of implicit memory involving presenting a stimulus that activates
unconscious associations that then lead to a predictable response
proactive interference - ANS ✔forgetting occurs when previously learned information interferes
with the ability to recall new information
procedural memory - ANS ✔type of memory consisting of habits and skills
recency effect - ANS ✔tendency to easily recall words at the end of the list
recognition - ANS ✔retrieval of information that occurs after seeing the correct answer provided
among a group of possible answers
reconstructive memory - ANS ✔the act of remembering requires a reconstruction of previous
events
retrieval - ANS ✔the ability to access information from long-term memory when needed
retrieval cues - ANS ✔bits of information that trigger the memory to become available
retroactive interference - ANS ✔forgetting occurs when new information interferes with the
ability to recall older memories
