NUR 641E Final Exam || Errorless Answers 100%.
Pharmacokinetics involves correct answers a: Absorption: absorption from the administration site
either directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
b: Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid.
c: Metabolism: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
d: Elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is correct answers Intravenous,
putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption
Intravenous route avoids correct answers First-pass metabolism in the liver
Rectal administration has correct answers variable and erratic absorption
Steady State (SS) is usually reached within correct answers 4-5 half-lives of a drug
Half-life of a drug is correct answers How long it takes for the drug to be excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means correct answers The metabolism is directly
proportional to the free concentration of the drug
,Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means correct answers A drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit time
CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if correct answers Any CYP3A4 inducer
drugs are used along with it
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA correct answers a:
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in a population for which
the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept medications or placebo for
efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase 4)
Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Institute
for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO) correct answers a: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
, c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC
MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) correct answers Pharmacological and
Idiosyncratic
Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological correct answers 85%-90%
Adverse drug reactions are usually correct answers Preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or
nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and
idiosyncratic type reactions
Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported correct answers No, ADRs are not commonly
reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy correct answers Involves using multiple health care providers for care, using
multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) correct answers Lisinopril, Captopril,
Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
How ACEI reduce blood pressure correct answers ACEI reduce blood pressure by suppressing
the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Important side effects of ACEI include correct answers Cough and angioedema, discontinue the
ACEI if angioedema occur
Pharmacokinetics involves correct answers a: Absorption: absorption from the administration site
either directly or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
b: Distribution: reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the interstitial and
intracellular fluid.
c: Metabolism: biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
d: Elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body
The route of administration with the highest bioavailability is correct answers Intravenous,
putting an entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption
Intravenous route avoids correct answers First-pass metabolism in the liver
Rectal administration has correct answers variable and erratic absorption
Steady State (SS) is usually reached within correct answers 4-5 half-lives of a drug
Half-life of a drug is correct answers How long it takes for the drug to be excreted from the body
- determines how frequently the drug must be administered
- predicts how long toxic effects can last
First-order (linear) pharmacokinetics means correct answers The metabolism is directly
proportional to the free concentration of the drug
,Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics means correct answers A drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit time
CYP3A4 substrate drugs may have a decreased activity if correct answers Any CYP3A4 inducer
drugs are used along with it
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA correct answers a:
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drugs
b: Preclinical research with animal testing for safety
c: Clinical research on healthy human subjects to assess medication pharmacokinetics (Phase 1)
d: Clinical research in humans primarily for medication safety, usually in a population for which
the treatment is intended (Phase 2)
e: Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accept medications or placebo for
efficacy and safety (Phase 3)
f: FDA review of the results to determine approval
g: Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical studies (Phase 4)
Medication safety organizations include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Institute
for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), and the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations (JCAHO) correct answers a: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP)
b: The Institute of Medicine (IOM)
, c: The Joint Commission
d: The National Coordinating Counsil for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC
MERP)
e: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) correct answers Pharmacological and
Idiosyncratic
Percent of adverse drug reactions that are pharmacological correct answers 85%-90%
Adverse drug reactions are usually correct answers Preventable, frequently occur in a hospital or
nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic and
idiosyncratic type reactions
Are adverse drug reactions commonly reported correct answers No, ADRs are not commonly
reported, the FDA does not mandate that ADRs be reported
Polypharmacy correct answers Involves using multiple health care providers for care, using
multiple medications, and using several pharmacies for prescription filling
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) correct answers Lisinopril, Captopril,
Enalapril, Ramipril, Benazepril, Fosinopril
How ACEI reduce blood pressure correct answers ACEI reduce blood pressure by suppressing
the release of angiotensin-converting enzyme
Important side effects of ACEI include correct answers Cough and angioedema, discontinue the
ACEI if angioedema occur
