,v
CONTENTS
PART ONE | GYNECOLOGIC SONOGRAPHY
1 Principles of Scanning Technique in Gynecologic Ultrasound
2 Embryonic Development of the Female Genital System
3 Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital System
4 The Female Cycle
5 Normal Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
6 Doppler Evaluation of the Pelvis
7 Pediatric Pelvis
8 Benign Disease of the Female Pelvis
9 Malignant Disease of the Uterus and Cervix
10 Malignant Diseases of the Ovary
11 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Endometriosis
12 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs), Contraception, and Elective Abortion
13 Complementary Imaging of the Female Reproductive System
PART TWO | OBSTETRIC SONOGRAPHY
14 Principles of Scanning Technique in Obstetric Ultrasound
15 The Use of Ultrasound in the First Trimester
16 Sonographic Evaluation of First-Trimester Complications
17 Sonographic Assessment of the Ectopic Pregnancy
18 Assessment of Fetal Age and Size in the Second and Third Trimesters
19 Normal Placenta and Umbilical Cord
20 Abnormalities of the Placenta and Umbilical Cord
21 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Head
22 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Neck and Spine
23 Fetal Echocardiography
vi
,24 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Chest
25 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Abdomen (Includes Abdominal Wall)
26 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Genitourinary System
27 Normal and Abnormal Fetal Limbs
28 The Biophysical Profile
29 Multiple Gestations
30 Intrauterine Growth Restriction
31 Patterns of Fetal Anomalies
32 Effects of Maternal Disease on Pregnancy
33 The Postpartum Uterus
34 Interventional Ultrasound
35 3D/4D Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology
,1
PART ONE
GYNECOLOGIC SONOGRAPHY
Principles of Scanning Technique in
Gynecologic Ultrasound
CHAPTER 1
For additional ancillary materials related to this chapter,
please visit the point.
REVIEW OF GLOSSARY TERMS
Matching
Match the key terms with their definitions.
KEY TERMS DEFINITION
1. fundus a. Area around an organ
2. transabdominal b. Fluid within the abdominal
3. electronic or pelvic cavity
medical record (EMR) c. Biophysical results of the
4. picture archiving interaction of sound waves
and communication system and tissue
(PACS) d. Electronic database
containing all the patient
information
,5. e. Inside a cavity such as
transvaginal/endovaginal the abdomen or pelvis
6. scanning f. Top portion of the uterus
protocol
7. bioeffects g. Paper-based or
8. perivascular computerized system
designed to manage hospital
9. ascites data, such as billing and
10. transducer patient records
footprint h. Position of the patient with
11. adnexa the feet in stirrups often used
12. modality during delivery
worklist (MWL) i. Electronic list of patients
13. lithotomy position entered into a modality, such
as ultrasound, which helps
14. endocavity reduce data-entry errors
15. radiology j. Nonpregnant
information system
(RIS)
k. Around the vessels
16. nongravid
l. Database that stores
17. hospital
radiologic images
information system (HIS)
m.Physical or electronic system
designed to manage radiology
data, such as billing, reports,
and images
n. List of images required
for a complete
examination
o. Imaging through the abdomen
p. Area of the transducer that
comes in contact with the
patient and emits ultrasound
q. Within the vagina
2
CHAPTER REVIEW
,Multiple Choice
Complete each question by circling the best answer.
1. What hospital electronic system would a sonographer use to
locate a list of patients on the ultrasound machine?
a. HIS
b. MWL
c. RIS
d. EMR
2. Pertinent clinical information for a pelvic sonographic
examination may include:
a. surgical history, patient age, last menstrual period (LMP),
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels, prior delivery
dates, gravidity, and parity
b. prior delivery dates, patient age, surgical history,
gravidity, and history of pelvic procedures
c. parity, gravidity, symptoms, and pelvic history to include
pelvic procedures and surgical history
d. LMP, symptoms, history of pelvic procedures, patient age,
hCG levels, and accession number
3. Parity is:
a. the number of pregnancies a patient has had
b. the total number of spontaneous and induced abortions a
patient has had
c. the number of pregnancies a patient carried to term
d. the total number of pregnancies a patient has had
4. A G4P3A1T3 female is explained as having:
a. four total pregnancies, three pregnancies to term, and one
induced abortion
b. four total pregnancies, three pregnancies to term,
and one spontaneous abortion
, three total pregnancies, one full-term pregnancy, one abortion,
and
c. currently pregnant with twins
d. four total pregnancies, three full-term pregnancies, and one
abortion
5. Every sonographer should be familiar with ultrasound-related
organizations and suggested scanning protocols for their
profession. Choose the group that will not provide reliable
pelvic sonographic scanning information.
a. AIUM
b. ACR
c. SDMS
d. ASE
6. An adequately filled bladder usually extends the
fundus of a nongravid uterus.
a. slightly below
b. at the same level of
c. slightly beyond
d. approximately 4 cm superior to
7. Select the correct optimization technique.
a. Use a lower-frequency transducer for penetration.
b. Angle the sonographic beam parallel to the structure of interest.
c. Set focal zones 1 cm inferior to the structure of interest.
d. Choose a low-frequency transducer for superficial structures.
8. If a premenopausal female should prepare for a gynecologic
ultrasound by drinking 32 ounces of water 1 hour before the
examination, what preparation would be suggested for a 70-year
old with vaginal bleeding?
a. No water preparation is needed
b. 10 ounces
c. 25 ounces
d. 50 ounces
,9. A 5.0-MHz transducer may not produce a diagnostic image on
patient.
a. a large habitus
b. an elderly
c. a thin
d. a young
10. Endovaginal optimal focal range is from:
a. 1 to 5 cm
b. 2 to 7 cm
c. the internal os to the uterine fundus
d. the fornices to the uterine fundus
11. The most appropriate transducer for an obese patient
having a gynecologic examination would be:
a. 2.5 MHz
b. 5.0 MHz
c. 7.5 MHz
d. 15 MHz
3
12. Endovaginal transducers cannot be inserted past the area of the:
a. external os
b. vaginal fornices
c. internal os
d. labia minora
13. Endovaginal ultrasound may not produce a diagnostic
image in a patient:
a. suspected of suffering with ovarian torsion
b. that is being monitored for follicle size/ovulation
c. scheduled for ova aspiration
, d. with an enlarged leiomyomatous uterus
14. Select the incorrect statement. Transperineal scanning:
a. is a safe option to replace endovaginal imaging in the
case of pregnancy with ruptured membranes
b. is performed between the labia on the perineum
c. may be performed if a patient declines endovaginal scanning
d. images inferior to bowel gas, therefore, avoiding obstructive
shadows
15. Prior to an endovaginal ultrasound, the transducer should be
lubricated. Which lubricant is best for a patient being treated for
infertility?
a. saline
b. none
c. K-Y jelly
d. coupling gel
16. The sonographer can adjust power levels and scan
efficiently to minimize patient exposure levels. This is
known as:
a. AIUM
b. ARALA
c. ALARA
d. National Institute of Health (NIH) guidelines
17. Saline is often used as a sonographic contrast agent in
gynecologic scanning to visualize the:
a. uterine fundus and adnexas
b. fallopian tubes and endometrial cavity
c. fallopian tubes and adnexas
d. uterus and ovaries
18. Individuals choosing sonography as a profession should
become certified. The gold standard certifying body is:
a. ARRT
b. ARDMS
, THOSE WERE PREVIEW PAGES
TO DOWNLOAD THE FULL PDF
CLICK ON THE L.I.N.K
ON THE NEXT PAGE
CONTENTS
PART ONE | GYNECOLOGIC SONOGRAPHY
1 Principles of Scanning Technique in Gynecologic Ultrasound
2 Embryonic Development of the Female Genital System
3 Congenital Anomalies of the Female Genital System
4 The Female Cycle
5 Normal Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
6 Doppler Evaluation of the Pelvis
7 Pediatric Pelvis
8 Benign Disease of the Female Pelvis
9 Malignant Disease of the Uterus and Cervix
10 Malignant Diseases of the Ovary
11 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and Endometriosis
12 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs), Contraception, and Elective Abortion
13 Complementary Imaging of the Female Reproductive System
PART TWO | OBSTETRIC SONOGRAPHY
14 Principles of Scanning Technique in Obstetric Ultrasound
15 The Use of Ultrasound in the First Trimester
16 Sonographic Evaluation of First-Trimester Complications
17 Sonographic Assessment of the Ectopic Pregnancy
18 Assessment of Fetal Age and Size in the Second and Third Trimesters
19 Normal Placenta and Umbilical Cord
20 Abnormalities of the Placenta and Umbilical Cord
21 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Head
22 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Neck and Spine
23 Fetal Echocardiography
vi
,24 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Chest
25 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Abdomen (Includes Abdominal Wall)
26 Sonographic Assessment of the Fetal Genitourinary System
27 Normal and Abnormal Fetal Limbs
28 The Biophysical Profile
29 Multiple Gestations
30 Intrauterine Growth Restriction
31 Patterns of Fetal Anomalies
32 Effects of Maternal Disease on Pregnancy
33 The Postpartum Uterus
34 Interventional Ultrasound
35 3D/4D Imaging in Obstetrics and Gynecology
,1
PART ONE
GYNECOLOGIC SONOGRAPHY
Principles of Scanning Technique in
Gynecologic Ultrasound
CHAPTER 1
For additional ancillary materials related to this chapter,
please visit the point.
REVIEW OF GLOSSARY TERMS
Matching
Match the key terms with their definitions.
KEY TERMS DEFINITION
1. fundus a. Area around an organ
2. transabdominal b. Fluid within the abdominal
3. electronic or pelvic cavity
medical record (EMR) c. Biophysical results of the
4. picture archiving interaction of sound waves
and communication system and tissue
(PACS) d. Electronic database
containing all the patient
information
,5. e. Inside a cavity such as
transvaginal/endovaginal the abdomen or pelvis
6. scanning f. Top portion of the uterus
protocol
7. bioeffects g. Paper-based or
8. perivascular computerized system
designed to manage hospital
9. ascites data, such as billing and
10. transducer patient records
footprint h. Position of the patient with
11. adnexa the feet in stirrups often used
12. modality during delivery
worklist (MWL) i. Electronic list of patients
13. lithotomy position entered into a modality, such
as ultrasound, which helps
14. endocavity reduce data-entry errors
15. radiology j. Nonpregnant
information system
(RIS)
k. Around the vessels
16. nongravid
l. Database that stores
17. hospital
radiologic images
information system (HIS)
m.Physical or electronic system
designed to manage radiology
data, such as billing, reports,
and images
n. List of images required
for a complete
examination
o. Imaging through the abdomen
p. Area of the transducer that
comes in contact with the
patient and emits ultrasound
q. Within the vagina
2
CHAPTER REVIEW
,Multiple Choice
Complete each question by circling the best answer.
1. What hospital electronic system would a sonographer use to
locate a list of patients on the ultrasound machine?
a. HIS
b. MWL
c. RIS
d. EMR
2. Pertinent clinical information for a pelvic sonographic
examination may include:
a. surgical history, patient age, last menstrual period (LMP),
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels, prior delivery
dates, gravidity, and parity
b. prior delivery dates, patient age, surgical history,
gravidity, and history of pelvic procedures
c. parity, gravidity, symptoms, and pelvic history to include
pelvic procedures and surgical history
d. LMP, symptoms, history of pelvic procedures, patient age,
hCG levels, and accession number
3. Parity is:
a. the number of pregnancies a patient has had
b. the total number of spontaneous and induced abortions a
patient has had
c. the number of pregnancies a patient carried to term
d. the total number of pregnancies a patient has had
4. A G4P3A1T3 female is explained as having:
a. four total pregnancies, three pregnancies to term, and one
induced abortion
b. four total pregnancies, three pregnancies to term,
and one spontaneous abortion
, three total pregnancies, one full-term pregnancy, one abortion,
and
c. currently pregnant with twins
d. four total pregnancies, three full-term pregnancies, and one
abortion
5. Every sonographer should be familiar with ultrasound-related
organizations and suggested scanning protocols for their
profession. Choose the group that will not provide reliable
pelvic sonographic scanning information.
a. AIUM
b. ACR
c. SDMS
d. ASE
6. An adequately filled bladder usually extends the
fundus of a nongravid uterus.
a. slightly below
b. at the same level of
c. slightly beyond
d. approximately 4 cm superior to
7. Select the correct optimization technique.
a. Use a lower-frequency transducer for penetration.
b. Angle the sonographic beam parallel to the structure of interest.
c. Set focal zones 1 cm inferior to the structure of interest.
d. Choose a low-frequency transducer for superficial structures.
8. If a premenopausal female should prepare for a gynecologic
ultrasound by drinking 32 ounces of water 1 hour before the
examination, what preparation would be suggested for a 70-year
old with vaginal bleeding?
a. No water preparation is needed
b. 10 ounces
c. 25 ounces
d. 50 ounces
,9. A 5.0-MHz transducer may not produce a diagnostic image on
patient.
a. a large habitus
b. an elderly
c. a thin
d. a young
10. Endovaginal optimal focal range is from:
a. 1 to 5 cm
b. 2 to 7 cm
c. the internal os to the uterine fundus
d. the fornices to the uterine fundus
11. The most appropriate transducer for an obese patient
having a gynecologic examination would be:
a. 2.5 MHz
b. 5.0 MHz
c. 7.5 MHz
d. 15 MHz
3
12. Endovaginal transducers cannot be inserted past the area of the:
a. external os
b. vaginal fornices
c. internal os
d. labia minora
13. Endovaginal ultrasound may not produce a diagnostic
image in a patient:
a. suspected of suffering with ovarian torsion
b. that is being monitored for follicle size/ovulation
c. scheduled for ova aspiration
, d. with an enlarged leiomyomatous uterus
14. Select the incorrect statement. Transperineal scanning:
a. is a safe option to replace endovaginal imaging in the
case of pregnancy with ruptured membranes
b. is performed between the labia on the perineum
c. may be performed if a patient declines endovaginal scanning
d. images inferior to bowel gas, therefore, avoiding obstructive
shadows
15. Prior to an endovaginal ultrasound, the transducer should be
lubricated. Which lubricant is best for a patient being treated for
infertility?
a. saline
b. none
c. K-Y jelly
d. coupling gel
16. The sonographer can adjust power levels and scan
efficiently to minimize patient exposure levels. This is
known as:
a. AIUM
b. ARALA
c. ALARA
d. National Institute of Health (NIH) guidelines
17. Saline is often used as a sonographic contrast agent in
gynecologic scanning to visualize the:
a. uterine fundus and adnexas
b. fallopian tubes and endometrial cavity
c. fallopian tubes and adnexas
d. uterus and ovaries
18. Individuals choosing sonography as a profession should
become certified. The gold standard certifying body is:
a. ARRT
b. ARDMS
, THOSE WERE PREVIEW PAGES
TO DOWNLOAD THE FULL PDF
CLICK ON THE L.I.N.K
ON THE NEXT PAGE
