Midterm Introduction to Sociology 3e
(OpenStax) Test Bank All Chapters Are
Here.
Sociology - Answer The scientific and systematic study of groups and group interactions,
societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.
Society - Answer A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with
one another, and who share a common culture is what sociologists call a
Micro-level - Answer Study small groups and individual interactions. Ex: Might look at the
accepted rules of conversation in various groups such as among teenagers or business
professionals.
Macro-level - Answer Looks at trends among and between large groups and societies. Ex:
Might research the ways that language use has changed over time or in social media outlets
Culture - Answer Refers to the group's shared practices, values, and beliefs. Encompasses a
group's way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important parts of group
members' lives. It includes everything produced by a society, including all the social rules.
A product of the people in a society
Sociological Imagination - Answer Sociologists often study culture using the --------- which
pioneer sociologist C. Wright Mills described as an awareness of the relationship between a
person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and
perceptions.
Reification - Answer The error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material
existence is known as
Social Facts (Durkheim) - Answer The laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions,
rituals, and cultural rules that govern social life—that may contribute to these changes in the
family
Figuration - Answer What German sociologist Norbert Elias called the process of
, social institutions - Answer systems and structures within society that shape the activities of
groups and individuals. Ex: religion
Auguste Comte - Answer The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836) in an unpublished manuscript (Fauré et al. 1999). In 1838,
the term was reintroduced by the father of sociology ------.
Positivism - Answer Comte named this scientific study of social patterns -----. Comte also
believed in the potential of social scientists to work toward the betterment of society. He held
that once scholars identified the laws that governed society, sociologists could address
problems such as poor education and poverty
Harriet Martineau (1802 - 1876) - Answer - Introduced sociology to English speaking scholars
through her translation of Comte's writing from French to English.
- Career began with Illustrations of Political Economy, a work educating ordinary people about
the principles of economics
- Later developed the first systematic methodological international comparisons of social
institutions in two of their most famous sociological works: Society in America (1837) and
Retrospect of Western Travel (1838
Harriet Martineau - Answer Found the workings of capitalism at odds with the professed
moral principles of people in the United States. She pointed out the faults with the free
enterprise system in which workers were exploited and impoverished while business owners
became wealthy. She further noted that the belief that all are created equal was inconsistent
with the lack of women's rights.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) - Answer Rejected Comte's positivism. He believed that societies grew
and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.
At the time he was developing his theories, the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism
led to great disparities in wealth between the owners of the factories and workers. Capitalism,
an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of goods and the means to
produce them, had developed in many nations.
- Marx predicted that inequalities of capitalism would become so extreme that workers would
eventually revolt. This would lead to the collapse of capitalism, which would be replaced by
communism. Communism is an economic system under which there is no private or corporate
ownership: everything is owned communally and distributed as needed.
- Marx believed that communism was a more equitable system than capitalism. While his
(OpenStax) Test Bank All Chapters Are
Here.
Sociology - Answer The scientific and systematic study of groups and group interactions,
societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.
Society - Answer A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with
one another, and who share a common culture is what sociologists call a
Micro-level - Answer Study small groups and individual interactions. Ex: Might look at the
accepted rules of conversation in various groups such as among teenagers or business
professionals.
Macro-level - Answer Looks at trends among and between large groups and societies. Ex:
Might research the ways that language use has changed over time or in social media outlets
Culture - Answer Refers to the group's shared practices, values, and beliefs. Encompasses a
group's way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important parts of group
members' lives. It includes everything produced by a society, including all the social rules.
A product of the people in a society
Sociological Imagination - Answer Sociologists often study culture using the --------- which
pioneer sociologist C. Wright Mills described as an awareness of the relationship between a
person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and
perceptions.
Reification - Answer The error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material
existence is known as
Social Facts (Durkheim) - Answer The laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions,
rituals, and cultural rules that govern social life—that may contribute to these changes in the
family
Figuration - Answer What German sociologist Norbert Elias called the process of
, social institutions - Answer systems and structures within society that shape the activities of
groups and individuals. Ex: religion
Auguste Comte - Answer The term sociology was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist
Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836) in an unpublished manuscript (Fauré et al. 1999). In 1838,
the term was reintroduced by the father of sociology ------.
Positivism - Answer Comte named this scientific study of social patterns -----. Comte also
believed in the potential of social scientists to work toward the betterment of society. He held
that once scholars identified the laws that governed society, sociologists could address
problems such as poor education and poverty
Harriet Martineau (1802 - 1876) - Answer - Introduced sociology to English speaking scholars
through her translation of Comte's writing from French to English.
- Career began with Illustrations of Political Economy, a work educating ordinary people about
the principles of economics
- Later developed the first systematic methodological international comparisons of social
institutions in two of their most famous sociological works: Society in America (1837) and
Retrospect of Western Travel (1838
Harriet Martineau - Answer Found the workings of capitalism at odds with the professed
moral principles of people in the United States. She pointed out the faults with the free
enterprise system in which workers were exploited and impoverished while business owners
became wealthy. She further noted that the belief that all are created equal was inconsistent
with the lack of women's rights.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) - Answer Rejected Comte's positivism. He believed that societies grew
and changed as a result of the struggles of different social classes over the means of production.
At the time he was developing his theories, the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism
led to great disparities in wealth between the owners of the factories and workers. Capitalism,
an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of goods and the means to
produce them, had developed in many nations.
- Marx predicted that inequalities of capitalism would become so extreme that workers would
eventually revolt. This would lead to the collapse of capitalism, which would be replaced by
communism. Communism is an economic system under which there is no private or corporate
ownership: everything is owned communally and distributed as needed.
- Marx believed that communism was a more equitable system than capitalism. While his
