NR283: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM-STUDY GUIDE 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
What is osteoporosis? - ANS complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone
mineral density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - ANS white female, postmenopausal, aging,
sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis? - ANS silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis? - ANS fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis? - ANS active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D
supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis? - ANS -Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
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-Increased osteoclast activity
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, -decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS -chronic, systemic, inflammatory
autoimmune disease
-exaggerated immune response
-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage
and bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS inflammation, fever,
weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff joint, loss of function,
and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS systemic
symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk? - ANS a twist of the bone looking like a
spiral, most common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury? - ANS Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
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Page
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, what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body? - ANS Decrease pain
threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body? - ANS reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
what do endorphins do for the body? - ANS prevent transmission of pain signals
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent? - ANS CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent? - ANS PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance? - ANS amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily
remove the stimuli
what is pain threshold? - ANS *same for everyone*
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception? - ANS brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission? - ANS signal goes to the CNS
3
what is the role of pain transduction? - ANS nociceptors pick up pain signals
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
EXAM-STUDY GUIDE 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
What is osteoporosis? - ANS complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone
mineral density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis? - ANS white female, postmenopausal, aging,
sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis? - ANS silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis? - ANS fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis? - ANS active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D
supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis? - ANS -Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
1
Page
-Increased osteoclast activity
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, -decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS -chronic, systemic, inflammatory
autoimmune disease
-exaggerated immune response
-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage
and bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS inflammation, fever,
weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff joint, loss of function,
and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? - ANS systemic
symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk? - ANS a twist of the bone looking like a
spiral, most common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury? - ANS Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
2
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body? - ANS Decrease pain
threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body? - ANS reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
what do endorphins do for the body? - ANS prevent transmission of pain signals
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent? - ANS CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent? - ANS PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance? - ANS amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily
remove the stimuli
what is pain threshold? - ANS *same for everyone*
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception? - ANS brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission? - ANS signal goes to the CNS
3
what is the role of pain transduction? - ANS nociceptors pick up pain signals
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
