Advanced Pathophysiology Mid-Term
Study Guide Questions with Correct
Answers 2025/2026
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
- CORRECT ANSWER -Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
potential from - to +
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: - CORRECT ANSWER -ATP
is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell.
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? - CORRECT
ANSWER -LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1)
When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER -Angiotensin II
, What Leffect Ldoes Latherosclerosis Lhave Lon Lthe Ldevelopment Lof Lan Laneurysm? L- LCORRECT
LANSWER L-Atherosclerosis Lerodes Lthe Lvessel Lwall.
Regarding Lthe Lendothelium, Lwhat Lis Lthe Ldifference Lbetween Lhealthy Lvessel Lwalls Land Lthose
Lthat Lpromote Lclot Lformation? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Inflammation Land Lroughening Lof Lthe
Lendothelium Lof Lthe Lartery Lare Lpresent.
Which Lform Lof Langina Loccurs Lmost Loften Lduring Lsleep Las La Lresult Lof Lvasospasms Lof Lone Lor
Lmore Lcoronary Larteries? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Prinzmetal
The Lpulsusparadoxus Lthat Loccurs Las La Lresult Lof Lpericardial Leffusion Lis Lcaused Lby La
Ldysfunction Lin Lwhich Lmechanism? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Diastolic Lfilling Lpressure Lof Lthe
Lleft Lventricle Land Lreduction Lof Lblood Lvolume Lin Lall Lfour Lheart Lchambers
Ventricular Ldilation Land Lgrossly Limpaired Lsystolic Lfunction, Lleading Lto Ldilated Lheart Lfailure,
Lcharacterize Lwhich Lform Lof Lcardiomyopathy? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Congestive
Amyloidosis, Lhemochromatosis, Lor Lglycogen Lstorage Ldisease Lusually Lcauses Lwhich Lform Lof
Lcardiomyopathy? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Restrictive
In Lsystolic Lheart Lfailure, Lwhat Leffect Ldoes Lthe Lrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone Lsystem L(RAAS)
Lhave Lon Lstroke Lvolume? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Increases Lpreload Land Lincreases Lafterload
What Lis Lthe Lcause Lof Lthe Ldyspnea Lresulting Lfrom La Lthoracic Laneurysm? L- LCORRECT
LANSWER L- LPressure Lon Lsurrounding Lorgans
Which Lstatement Lis Ltrue Lconcerning Lthe Lcells' Lability Lto Lsynthesize Lcholesterol? L- LCORRECT
LANSWER L-Most Lbody Lcells Lare Lcapable Lof Lproducing Lcholesterol.
Study Guide Questions with Correct
Answers 2025/2026
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
- CORRECT ANSWER -Na+ gates open, and Na+ rushes into the cell, changing the membrane
potential from - to +
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because: - CORRECT ANSWER -ATP
is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps Na+ out of the cell.
What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins
What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? - CORRECT
ANSWER -LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation
Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL1)
When endothelia cells are injured, which alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? - CORRECT
ANSWER -Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines
Which factor is responsible for hypertrophy of the myocardium associated with hypertension? -
CORRECT ANSWER -Angiotensin II
, What Leffect Ldoes Latherosclerosis Lhave Lon Lthe Ldevelopment Lof Lan Laneurysm? L- LCORRECT
LANSWER L-Atherosclerosis Lerodes Lthe Lvessel Lwall.
Regarding Lthe Lendothelium, Lwhat Lis Lthe Ldifference Lbetween Lhealthy Lvessel Lwalls Land Lthose
Lthat Lpromote Lclot Lformation? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Inflammation Land Lroughening Lof Lthe
Lendothelium Lof Lthe Lartery Lare Lpresent.
Which Lform Lof Langina Loccurs Lmost Loften Lduring Lsleep Las La Lresult Lof Lvasospasms Lof Lone Lor
Lmore Lcoronary Larteries? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Prinzmetal
The Lpulsusparadoxus Lthat Loccurs Las La Lresult Lof Lpericardial Leffusion Lis Lcaused Lby La
Ldysfunction Lin Lwhich Lmechanism? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Diastolic Lfilling Lpressure Lof Lthe
Lleft Lventricle Land Lreduction Lof Lblood Lvolume Lin Lall Lfour Lheart Lchambers
Ventricular Ldilation Land Lgrossly Limpaired Lsystolic Lfunction, Lleading Lto Ldilated Lheart Lfailure,
Lcharacterize Lwhich Lform Lof Lcardiomyopathy? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Congestive
Amyloidosis, Lhemochromatosis, Lor Lglycogen Lstorage Ldisease Lusually Lcauses Lwhich Lform Lof
Lcardiomyopathy? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Restrictive
In Lsystolic Lheart Lfailure, Lwhat Leffect Ldoes Lthe Lrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone Lsystem L(RAAS)
Lhave Lon Lstroke Lvolume? L- LCORRECT LANSWER L-Increases Lpreload Land Lincreases Lafterload
What Lis Lthe Lcause Lof Lthe Ldyspnea Lresulting Lfrom La Lthoracic Laneurysm? L- LCORRECT
LANSWER L- LPressure Lon Lsurrounding Lorgans
Which Lstatement Lis Ltrue Lconcerning Lthe Lcells' Lability Lto Lsynthesize Lcholesterol? L- LCORRECT
LANSWER L-Most Lbody Lcells Lare Lcapable Lof Lproducing Lcholesterol.
