2025 Criminology Assessment- Correctly Solved Test |Revised and Accredited Study Set|- Latest Version

2025 Criminology Assessment- Correctly Solved Test |Revised and Accredited Study Set|- Latest Version Which behavior is universally considered delinquent across all states in the U.S., regardless of local laws or cultural factors? A 13-year-old running away from home The consensus perspective on criminalization is most applicable to which type of society? It is most applicable to homogeneous societies, or those characterized by shared values, norms, and belief systems. Voters in a number of states have chosen to legalize the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use. This action reflects which criminological perspective? Pluralist perspective Advocates of the social problems perspective on crime argue that criminal behavior should be treated similarly to what other type of societal issue? Crime must be addressed in the same way as public health concerns. Which perspective is most commonly used by contemporary criminologists to understand and analyze crime and criminal behavior? Sociological perspective A theory that attempts to explain all forms of criminal conduct with one unifying framework is called what? General theory Which type of criminological theory suggests that a single factor or source causes all criminal behavior, regardless of the context? 1 Unicausal theory Which of the following professionals is classified as a criminal justice professional, working within the justice system? Police officer The varying interpretations of police killings of Black men, depending on who is observing the event, exemplify which criminological concept? Social relativity Drew finds excitement in driving fast, even though he knows it is illegal and dangerous. His actions align with which criminological perspective? Social responsibility perspective Why do different communities or groups perceive the presence of law enforcement differently? Social relativity Felicity steals her sister’s necklace, citing financial need, while Lily accuses her of jealousy. Their neighbor offers an explanation related to family values deteriorating. This situation is an example of which concept? Social relativity Which scenario best represents the application of evidence-based criminology in real-world research? A criminal psychologist hypothesizes that brain damage causes an increased risk of violent crime and conducts research to support this theory. Which characteristic of scientific research is emphasized in evidence-based criminology? An emphasis on a worthwhile subject that warrants independent investigation. What is the primary function of a theory in criminology? 2 Theories provide meaning to observations by linking them to already understood concepts and explaining what we observe in particular situations. What is a tentative explanation that can be tested through further investigation called? Hypothesis Which factor is considered a threat to the internal validity of a criminological study? Differential selection, where different groups are not properly randomized or controlled. Which of the following represents a potential threat to the external validity of a study, affecting the generalizability of its findings? Multiple-treatment interface, where participants are exposed to more than one treatment or variable. Which of the following research methods produces results that are subjective and interpretive, rather than numerical or statistical? Qualitative research methods, which gather non-numeric data. Which of the following research examples employs quantitative methods to gather and analyze data? Nathan uses police reports to analyze the age at which juveniles most often begin committing serious crimes. What ethical standard was violated when a researcher publicly disclosed the identities of participants in a sensitive study? Data confidentiality, which protects participants' privacy. Which ethical guideline was compromised when the National Institute of Justice blocked the publication of findings about the ineffectiveness of the D.A.R.E. program? Exercise objectivity and professional integrity, ensuring research findings are disseminated without bias. 3 Which of the following is an example of criminological research influencing public policy or practice? A study finds that diverting low-level offenders away from the justice system reduces recidivism, leading to the implementation of diversion programs in multiple jurisdictions. If George analyzes the findings from 127 different studies about drunk driving in major cities, what type of research is he conducting? A meta-analysis, where previous studies are aggregated to identify broader trends. What is the purpose of an abstract in a research report? An abstract is a brief summary that provides readers with enough information to decide if they want to read the full study or report. Jonathan is preparing the section of his report where he discusses past research on burglary, home invasions, and security systems. Which section of his report is he working on? Literature review, where previous research is examined and connected to the current study. What is true about the foundational principles of evidence-based criminology? Evidence-based criminology relies heavily on the experimental scientific method to draw conclusions about crime and criminal behavior. Which example best illustrates evidence-based criminology in action? A researcher tests her theory that offenders with a college education are more likely to commit property crimes than violent crimes. Which period in criminology does John Laub refer to as the "Golden Age of Theory," and what is characteristic of this era? During the Golden Age of Theory, there was no systematic effort to connect criminological research with crime theories. What is the correct order in the theory-building process according to criminological research? 4 Theory building starts after observing a correlation between variables, which leads to further exploration. Which scenario is an example of the process of theory building in criminology? A researcher notices a pattern where crime rates rise during full moons and develops a theory that the additional light encourages criminal activity. At which stage of the theory-building process is George, who suggests banning violent video games for minors to reduce juvenile crime? Theory-based hypothesis development, where an initial hypothesis is formed based on observed patterns or ideas. What does the process of operationalization in criminological research involve? It involves defining a hypothesis in a way that allows for clear measurement and testing. What is an example of secondary research in criminology? Rita assesses the effectiveness of a drug awareness program by analyzing the findings from 16 previously published studies. Which stage of the research process is Will in when he identifies a link between school dropouts and later involvement in crime? Problem identification, where an issue or pattern of interest is first recognized. What method is Joel using when he joins a motorcycle gang to observe their behavior firsthand? Participant observation, where the researcher becomes actively involved in the group being studied. Which technique does Jon use when he compares reactions of students exposed to violent versus nonviolent images to validate his research findings? Jon uses a control group, isolating the variable of violent images to ensure accurate results. 5 Dr. Jonas studies the environmental factors affecting violent crime in a specific neighborhood, which includes observing the impact of an environmental contaminant. What type of research has she conducted? Primary research, as it involves new data collection and original analysis. Which of the following best describes crime from a legalistic perspective? It is any human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws. In which of the following scenarios has a violation of criminal law occurred? Daniel drives above the speed limit specified for the interstate highway, but does not harm anyone or cause any damage. ________ is defined as any human activity that violates social norms. Which of the following is considered deviant behavior? Deviant behavior Lily, a lawyer, prefers to wear casual clothes to work despite her firm having a formal dress code. The ________ perspective holds that behaviors are typically criminalized through a political process only after debate over the appropriate course of action. pluralist Smoking in public places such as parks was recently criminalized in Ashfolk. This decision, however, was not put to a vote and was decided purely on the basis of the prevailing social norms of the country. It is most likely that Ashfolk's law was passed based on the ________ perspective. consensus __________ is/are defined as the scientific study of crime, the criminal law, and components of the criminal justice system, including the police, courts, and corrections. Criminal justice Fred, a 35-year-old accountant, witnesses a car accident on a lonely road. He drives slowly past the scene and sees many injured people, but offers no help and does not call 911, even though Good Samaritan laws apply. Fred's behavior is an example of criminal behavior 6 Professor Martin's research examines the relationship between crime and socioeconomic status. Because she is often asked to provide consulting services to local and state law enforcement agencies, Professor Martin is a criminologist Dr. Presley, a sociologist, and Dr. Meyer, a genetic biologist, have both spent many years working with incarcerated violent adult offenders to study the impact of early childhood experiences on adult criminality. Working together, they have developed a theory of violent criminal behavior that uses concepts from both fields of study. They have most likely developed a(n) ___________ theory. integrated An example of evidence-based criminology occurs when a city's experiment with after-school activities was shown to significantly reduce rates of juvenile delinquency. The practice of evidence-based criminology puts the criminologist in role of a(n) scientist Before initiating its after-school programs, city council members received testimony from a criminologist who theorized that such activities would lead to reduced rates of juvenile delinquency. This connection between research and workable social policy is referred to as translational criminology Which of the following best illustrates a challenge to translational criminology? Research showing a detrimental link between on-screen violence and increased levels of violent behavior among children Reginald's parents are divorced. He grew up in a low-income home in a rough neighborhood. Because of his background, Reginald becomes involved in crime. Which perspective best explains this outcome? Social problems perspective Michael's parents divorced when he was very young and he grows up poor, without many opportunities to thrive. He eventually begins to participate in criminal activities and is eventually arrested and charged with breaking and entering, as well as assault with a deadly weapon. In her closing argument, the prosecutor asserts that many other individuals in Michael's position do not commit crimes and that Michael is solely responsible for his behaviors. Which perspective most closely reflects the prosecutor's argument? Individual responsibility perspective 7 ________ is defined as the notion that social events are interpreted differently according to the cultural experiences and personal interests of the initiator, the observer, or the recipient of that behavior. Social relativity Hank tells his lawyer that his continued poverty forced him to commit crimes for his survival. Hank's poverty is a(n) ________ of crime. contribution The primary significance of crime and of criminal behavior is fundamentally ______ in nature. social It is asserted in this chapter that control over crime must stem from effective Which is true of the political perspective on crime? social policy It asserts that criminal laws do not necessarily bear any inherent relationship to popular notions of right and wrong. Justin is a criminologist who studies alcohol abuse. He believes that all forms of alcohol abuse should be criminal, regardless of whether or not they cause harm to others. Justin is most likely to hold the ________ perspective on crime. maladaptive Which event in the late 1950s contributed to the beginning of a steady increase in the crime rate? Dollar limits were removed from larceny statutes political According to the _____________ perspective, crime is viewed as behavior that poses a threat to those in power. Which of the following examples best illustrates the fact that deviant behavior is not necessarily criminal? Wearing eccentric and shocking styles of clothing, but not violating decency statutes Which of the following is an example of a crime? busy highway Ryan drives 15 MPH over the speed limit on a What differentiates deviant behavior from delinquent behavior? The age of the perpetrator 8 Jim researched how inmates responded to more humane treatment by the guards, and then published the results of his study hoping to affect public policy. However, when other researchers repeated the study, they found the interactions to be very different from what Jim observed. What problem did the studies encounter? Data replicability Which of the following is true of qualitative research methods? They are important for the insights they provide into the subjective workings of the criminal mind. In which of the following cases is a qualitative research method being employed? participants open-ended questions about law enforcement practices in urban areas Betty asks Sonya is interviewing subjects about their history of substance abuse. Before the interviews, she tells the subjects that their responses will be used to understand social aspects of drug abuse, reassures them that their participation is voluntary, and explains that they may withdraw from the study at any time. In this case, Sonya is ensuring ________. informed consent George has received a research grant to study prostitution in the community and hires six graduate students to interview local prostitutes. When George reads through the interviews, he notices that the subjects interviewed by Heidi, one of the graduate students, tended to be much less responsive than those interviewed by the other students. He questions Heidi and discovers that she considers individuals involved in prostitution to be depraved and that she communicated her beliefs to the subjects she interviewed. Heidi has most clearly violated which of Frank Hagan's ethical guidelines? objectivity and professional integrity in performing and reporting research meta-analysis Exercise A ________ involves a comprehensive and systematic review of other studies about a particular topic of interest. What is a primary goal of CrimeS? programs To encourage practitioners to replicate successful In which section of a research report will Jose learn that the investigators used a randomized controlled trial to study the effects of violent pop culture on individual decision making, and that a two-tailed test of statistical significance was used? The description of the research plan 9 Acts that are said to be Which of the following statements best defines mala in se acts? fundamentally wrong in and of themselves George and Julio are invited out to dinner at an expensive restaurant. Although the environment is quiet and subdued, they laugh and talk loudly all during dinner. Which of the following statements best applies to their behavior? George and Julio are violating a folkway Jeremy Bentham argued that the value a behavior holds for the individual who engages in it is determined by the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce for that person. This belief is known as _________. hedonistic calculus Which of the following is an example of a restrictive punishment, according to Jeremy Bentham? After his third speeding ticket, Joshua's license is suspended The belief that crime results from forces beyond the individual's control is termed ________. determinism hard After deliberate thought, Clayton decides to embezzle money from his employer. He believes his employer will not notice, and therefore his chances of getting caught are minimal, while the benefits he will receive from the extra money are huge. Clayton's crime is best explained by ________. rational choice theory Which goal of criminal sentencing seeks to prevent a particular offender from committing another crime in the future? Specific deterrence During a discussion about capital punishment, Jamal argues that criminals such as serial killers, who were executed by the criminal justice system, simply got what they deserved. Jamal's argument is best aligned with which model? Just deserts Mark is attempting to convince the parole board that he should be released. He explains that he has obtained vocational training while in prison and will have a job. He also states that he has a young daughter and wants to set a good example for her. The parole board considers this information when assessing which concept? Dangerousness 10 Classical criminology fails to Which of the following is a valid criticism of classical criminology? explain how individuals choose whether to engage in criminal activity The belief that society exists to provide individuals with benefits that they would not receive living in isolation is a central assumption of _______ criminology. classical Which of the following early sources of criminal law included unwritten legal precedents that help guide judicial decision making? The common law Thomas Hobbes argued that people are so afraid of violent death that they are willing to give up some freedoms to the government in exchange for protection. Which concept best represents Hobbes' belief? Social contract Neil believes that individual evil behavior can be explained by spiritual influences. His view best fits __________. the Demonic Era Groups opposed to abortion may claim that the unborn fetus is a person and entitled to all the protections that any other living human being receives. This argument is based on ________. natural law Which of the following statements best fits with Cesare Beccaria's views regarding crime and punishment? Punishment should be only severe enough to outweigh the personal benefits obtained from the crime. Which of the following would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to consider a just punishment? Roberto is convicted of assault and is sentenced to be flogged the next day The belief that behavior holds value to any individual undertaking it according to the amount of pleasure or pain it can be expected to produce for that person is referred to as __________. hedonistic calculus Which of the following contributed to the development of the neoclassical movement in the 1970s? The nothing-works doctrine 11 ___________ is a situational crime prevention technique that involves adding fences, alarms, and electronic surveillance to improve a building's security. Target hardening just deserts The _____ model indicates that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law. Which of the following statements best represents the views of Jack Katz? crime rewarding because it is exciting and feels good Criminal offenders find How do classical and neoclassical criminology differ in their views of punishment? While classical thought viewed deterrence as the primary purpose of punishment, neoclassical thought has expanded the role of punishment to include the concept of retribution Ted works at a large state prison and decides to track all offenders released during a single year. He discovered that 53 percent of these offenders were rearrested for a new crime within the next five years. Ted has calculated the ________ rate. recidivism Pete claims that capital punishment is unfair because it is imposed disproportionately on racial minorities. Oscar is an advocate of capital punishment and disagrees. Which of the following arguments best supports Oscar's position? While about 50% of those on death row are racial minorities, about 50% of all crimes eligible for the death penalty are committed by racial minorities, so there is no disproportionality Despite research evidence suggesting that capital punishment does not deter offenders from committing homicide, many death penalty advocates continue to argue that capital punishment can be an effective deterrent. Which of the following statements best supports their claim? The current system of criminal justice does not allow for the swift and certain imposition of capital punishment. Which of the following statements best describes Incapacitation? Incapacitation refers to the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will be capable of committing future offenses 12 The state legislature recent passed a new law which states that all offenders who are sentenced to a term of incarceration must serve at least 75 percent of their term before they may be considered for parole. This is an example of _____________. truth in sentencing Which of the following statements best supports the use of selective incapacitation as a crime-control strategy? Three-strikes laws and similar habitual offender statutes focus on incarcerating offenders who are chronic recidivists Official statistics show a decrease in crime over the past two decades. Which of the following statements relating to this decrease is most likely to be made by advocates of modern neoclassical approaches to crime control who are trying to take credit for the decline? Get tough on crime policies have led to a substantial decrease in official rates of crime over the past 20 years. _____ maintain(s) that the basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, are constitutionally based and often inherited. Biological theories Which of the following statements regarding newer biosocial perspectives is correct? that genes are more likely to be facilitators of behavior Which of the following is a key assumption of biological theories? They hold Observed gender and racial differences in rates and types of criminality may be, at least partially, the result of biological differences. Which of the following statements is more likely to be made by a contemporary biological theorist, rather than an early biological theorist? Diet can affect human behavior Which of the following statements is a key theme of phrenology, as proposed by Franz Joseph Gall? The shape of the skull corresponds to the shape of the brain and indicates personality Hilary believes that the root causes of criminality are found in "bad genes," which are passed from one generation to the next. Which of the following beliefs is Hilary supporting? Eugenics _________ is defined as the attitudes and behavior that result from strong feelings of identification with one's own social group. Tribalism 13 Which of the following is a criticism of sociobiology? based or determined tendencies to act in certain ways. There is no credible evidence of genetically Which of the following is true about current perceptions of biology's influence on criminal behavior? Biological influences are mediated through a person's surroundings to produce behavior. Brody is a strong support of biological explanations of behavior and claims that there is sufficient evidence to prove that crime can be explained by biology. Which of the following findings is most likely to refute Brody's claim? After states lowered the legal limit for driving under the influence to a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08%, drunk driving arrests increased. Ruby works with juvenile delinquents as part of a rehabilitation program. Although she is told often by people that these juveniles "have crime in their blood," she is convinced that providing the right environment can reduce criminal tendencies. Moreover, she believes that their genes are more likely to be facilitators, rather than determinants, of behavior. In this scenario, Ruby is an advocate of _____. the biosocial perspective According to C. Ray Jeffery, twentieth-century criminology was based on which other discipline? Sociology Which of the following factors that may affect criminal behavior is more likely to be studied by a contemporary biological theorist rather than an early biological theorist? Environmental contaminants According to the basic assumptions of biological theories, which behavior is more likely to be learned, rather than being instinctual in humans? Criminality An early Positivist would be most likely to support _________. social determinism Which of the following research findings would best support the notion of atavism? Carlo studies incarcerated male offenders and concludes that their facial features differ from those of non-criminals 14 Sonya is expected to dress well for work but cannot always afford new clothes, so she occasionally resorts to shoplifting. Cesare Lombroso would most likely consider Sonya to be a(n) _________. criminaloid The criminal anthropologists who studied the Jukes and the Kallikaks were focusing on _________. heredity According to Sheldon's research into somatotyping, which body type is most likely to be associated with involvement in delinquency? Mesomorph Jason argues that career criminals and mentally handicapped individuals should not be allowed to have biological children, as their "bad genes" would only lead to more criminals being born. Based on this information, Jason appears to accept the idea of ________. genetic determinism Sally has designed a study to analyze physical characteristics of a population of male criminals in a state prison system. She collects information on the height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and overall body type of criminals who have committed violent crimes. Which term is most closely related to the researcher's study? Somatotyping Which of the following statements regarding supermales is true? chromosome A supermale has an additional Y Ian is studying pairs of identical and fraternal twins and claims that his results suggest that criminal tendencies are due primarily to genetic factors. What did Ian find? Ian found that MZ twin pairs were more likely to display similar degrees of criminality than DZ twin pairs The eugenics movement proposed which of the following social policies as a way of improving the species? Selective human breeding Which of the following is an example of altruism? members of the pack After a hunt, wolves bring back meat to weaker 15 All Which of the following statements would a sociobiologist most likely consider to be true? human behavior, even rational thought, results from instinctual aspects of biology The rivalry between two Chicago street gangs, the Gangster Disciples and the Latin Kings, is responsible for a large number of homicides and other violence in the city. Which aspect of sociobiology can be used to explain this? Territoriality Which statement best describes the relevance of altruism to sociobiological theory? plays a role in ensuring the survival and continuity of the gene pool in a species. What was Konrad Lorenz's greatest contribution to the study of human behavior? all human behavior is to some extent "adapted instinctive behavior" How do modern theorists view the influence of biology on crime? Altruism His claim that Biological influences are mediated through the environment to produce behavior. 16