,CHAPTER 1: Evolution of Nursing Thought &
Action
1. Key Concept: Full-spectrum clinical reasoning (assessment →
intervention → evaluation)
Question Stem
A nurse uses a structured approach to decide whether a
postoperative patient’s tachycardia indicates pain, hypovolemia,
or pulmonary embolism. Which step best demonstrates clinical
reasoning? (≤65 words)
A. Memorizing vital sign thresholds for each condition
B. Comparing current data with baseline and identifying likely
causes
C. Ordering all possible diagnostic tests simultaneously
D. Delegating assessment to a junior nurse without discussion
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: B — Comparing current data with baseline and narrowing
differential diagnoses exemplifies clinical reasoning and
prioritization (Capriotti, Ch.1, “Applying the Full-Spectrum Nursing
Model”).
A wrong: Memorization alone doesn’t integrate patient context or
prioritize (Capriotti, Ch.1).
C wrong: Ordering all tests is nonselective, unsafe, and not cost-
effective.
D wrong: Delegation without collaboration risks missed cues and
unsafe care.
Teaching Point
Clinical reasoning integrates patient data, baseline comparison,
,and prioritized differential diagnosis.
2. Chapter & Subtopic
Chapter 1 – Historical Leaders Who Advanced the Profession
of Nursing
Key Concept: Influence of nursing leaders on modern
standards
Question Stem
Which historical leader is most associated with early use of data
and sanitation to reduce patient mortality, informing today’s
infection-control practices? (≤65 words)
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Clara Barton
C. Lillian Wald
D. Margaret Sanger
Correct Answer
A
Rationales
Correct: A — Florence Nightingale used data and sanitary reform
to reduce mortality; her work underpins modern infection
prevention (Capriotti, Ch.1, “Historical Leaders Who Advanced the
Profession of Nursing”).
B wrong: Clara Barton is best known for founding the American
Red Cross and battlefield nursing.
C wrong: Lillian Wald advanced public/community nursing but not
the statistical sanitation reforms Nightingale led.
D wrong: Margaret Sanger is associated with reproductive rights,
not infection-control reforms.
Teaching Point
Nightingale’s data-driven sanitation work formed the basis of
modern infection prevention.
, 3. Chapter & Subtopic
Chapter 1 – Nursing Today: Full-Spectrum Nursing
Key Concept: Full-spectrum nursing model phases
Question Stem
A community nurse performs a wellness visit, identifies early
hypertension, teaches lifestyle changes, and coordinates follow-
up. Which phase of the full-spectrum model is emphasized? (≤65
words)
A. Diagnosis only
B. Intervention and prevention
C. Research and publication
D. Administrative delegation
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: B — The nurse’s actions (education, follow-up
coordination) emphasize intervention and prevention within the
full-spectrum model (Capriotti, Ch.1, “Full-Spectrum Nursing”).
A wrong: It’s not limited to diagnosis; active interventions are
present.
C wrong: Research/publication aren’t described in this scenario.
D wrong: Administrative delegation is not the primary activity
here.
Teaching Point
Full-spectrum nursing spans assessment, intervention, prevention,
and coordination.
4. Chapter & Subtopic
Chapter 1 – Contemporary Nursing: Education, Regulation,
and Practice
Action
1. Key Concept: Full-spectrum clinical reasoning (assessment →
intervention → evaluation)
Question Stem
A nurse uses a structured approach to decide whether a
postoperative patient’s tachycardia indicates pain, hypovolemia,
or pulmonary embolism. Which step best demonstrates clinical
reasoning? (≤65 words)
A. Memorizing vital sign thresholds for each condition
B. Comparing current data with baseline and identifying likely
causes
C. Ordering all possible diagnostic tests simultaneously
D. Delegating assessment to a junior nurse without discussion
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: B — Comparing current data with baseline and narrowing
differential diagnoses exemplifies clinical reasoning and
prioritization (Capriotti, Ch.1, “Applying the Full-Spectrum Nursing
Model”).
A wrong: Memorization alone doesn’t integrate patient context or
prioritize (Capriotti, Ch.1).
C wrong: Ordering all tests is nonselective, unsafe, and not cost-
effective.
D wrong: Delegation without collaboration risks missed cues and
unsafe care.
Teaching Point
Clinical reasoning integrates patient data, baseline comparison,
,and prioritized differential diagnosis.
2. Chapter & Subtopic
Chapter 1 – Historical Leaders Who Advanced the Profession
of Nursing
Key Concept: Influence of nursing leaders on modern
standards
Question Stem
Which historical leader is most associated with early use of data
and sanitation to reduce patient mortality, informing today’s
infection-control practices? (≤65 words)
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Clara Barton
C. Lillian Wald
D. Margaret Sanger
Correct Answer
A
Rationales
Correct: A — Florence Nightingale used data and sanitary reform
to reduce mortality; her work underpins modern infection
prevention (Capriotti, Ch.1, “Historical Leaders Who Advanced the
Profession of Nursing”).
B wrong: Clara Barton is best known for founding the American
Red Cross and battlefield nursing.
C wrong: Lillian Wald advanced public/community nursing but not
the statistical sanitation reforms Nightingale led.
D wrong: Margaret Sanger is associated with reproductive rights,
not infection-control reforms.
Teaching Point
Nightingale’s data-driven sanitation work formed the basis of
modern infection prevention.
, 3. Chapter & Subtopic
Chapter 1 – Nursing Today: Full-Spectrum Nursing
Key Concept: Full-spectrum nursing model phases
Question Stem
A community nurse performs a wellness visit, identifies early
hypertension, teaches lifestyle changes, and coordinates follow-
up. Which phase of the full-spectrum model is emphasized? (≤65
words)
A. Diagnosis only
B. Intervention and prevention
C. Research and publication
D. Administrative delegation
Correct Answer
B
Rationales
Correct: B — The nurse’s actions (education, follow-up
coordination) emphasize intervention and prevention within the
full-spectrum model (Capriotti, Ch.1, “Full-Spectrum Nursing”).
A wrong: It’s not limited to diagnosis; active interventions are
present.
C wrong: Research/publication aren’t described in this scenario.
D wrong: Administrative delegation is not the primary activity
here.
Teaching Point
Full-spectrum nursing spans assessment, intervention, prevention,
and coordination.
4. Chapter & Subtopic
Chapter 1 – Contemporary Nursing: Education, Regulation,
and Practice
