FUR2601 STUDY UNIT 2 -
STRUCTURE OF THE BILL OF
RIGHTS LATEST EDITION 2025/2026
2.1 \THREE \STAGES \OF \FUNDAMENTAL \RIGHTS \LITIGATION \- \ANS-Fundamental \rights \litigation \takes \
place \in \three \distinct \stages, \namely
the \procedural \stage, \
the \substantive \stage \
and \the \remedies \stage.
STAGE \1: \PROCEDURAL \STAGE \- \ANS-In \this \stage, \the \courts \are \concerned \with \
(i) \the \application \of \the \Bill \of \Rights \to \the \subject \matter \of \the \litigation, \
(ii) \the \justiciability \of \the \issue \to \be \decided \and \the \standing \of \the \applicant, \
and \(iii) \the \jurisdiction \of \the \court \to \grant \the \relief \claimed \by \the \applicant.
(i) \APPLICATION \- \ANS-Here, \it \needs \to \be \established \whether \the \Bill \of \Rights \applies \to \the \dispute
\between \the \parties. \
It \must \be \established \whether \the \applicant \is \protected \by \the \Bill \of \Rights \and \whether \the \
respondent \is \bound \to \act \in \accordance \with \the \Bill \of \Rights. \
The \applicant \must \determine \which \right \in \the \Constitution \protects \him/her \in \the \particular \
circumstances \of \the \case. \
Section \8 \of \the \Constitution \will \determine \whether \the \respondent \is \bound \in \the \circumstances \to \
act \in \accordance \with \the \Constitution. \
How \does \the \Bill \of \Rights \apply \to \the \dispute? \It \must \be \determined \whether \the \Bill \of \Rights \
applies \directly \or \indirectly. \The \general \rule \followed \by \the \courts
is \that \the \Bill \of \Rights \must \first \be \applied \indirectly \before \direct \application \is \considered
STRUCTURE OF THE BILL OF
RIGHTS LATEST EDITION 2025/2026
2.1 \THREE \STAGES \OF \FUNDAMENTAL \RIGHTS \LITIGATION \- \ANS-Fundamental \rights \litigation \takes \
place \in \three \distinct \stages, \namely
the \procedural \stage, \
the \substantive \stage \
and \the \remedies \stage.
STAGE \1: \PROCEDURAL \STAGE \- \ANS-In \this \stage, \the \courts \are \concerned \with \
(i) \the \application \of \the \Bill \of \Rights \to \the \subject \matter \of \the \litigation, \
(ii) \the \justiciability \of \the \issue \to \be \decided \and \the \standing \of \the \applicant, \
and \(iii) \the \jurisdiction \of \the \court \to \grant \the \relief \claimed \by \the \applicant.
(i) \APPLICATION \- \ANS-Here, \it \needs \to \be \established \whether \the \Bill \of \Rights \applies \to \the \dispute
\between \the \parties. \
It \must \be \established \whether \the \applicant \is \protected \by \the \Bill \of \Rights \and \whether \the \
respondent \is \bound \to \act \in \accordance \with \the \Bill \of \Rights. \
The \applicant \must \determine \which \right \in \the \Constitution \protects \him/her \in \the \particular \
circumstances \of \the \case. \
Section \8 \of \the \Constitution \will \determine \whether \the \respondent \is \bound \in \the \circumstances \to \
act \in \accordance \with \the \Constitution. \
How \does \the \Bill \of \Rights \apply \to \the \dispute? \It \must \be \determined \whether \the \Bill \of \Rights \
applies \directly \or \indirectly. \The \general \rule \followed \by \the \courts
is \that \the \Bill \of \Rights \must \first \be \applied \indirectly \before \direct \application \is \considered
