PHP 0320 FINAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Define population - Answer -more than one individual who shares common
characteristics
Health WHO definition - Answer -a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
CE Winslow - Answer -Father of modern public health (prevent disease, prolong life
and promote health; it is a community effort). Founded Yale public health
Sir Geoffrey Vickers - Answer -Moral responsibility to successive redefining of the
unacceptable.
population health science - Answer -the study of conditions that shape the distribution
of health within and across populations and the mechanism through which these
conditions manifest as the health of individuals
Public Health Approach - Answer -1. Define the health problem
2. Identify risk factors associated with the problem
3. Develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the
problem
4. Implement interventions to improve the health of the population
5. Monitor interventions to assess their effectiveness
Factors affecting population health: Physical factors - Answer -geography,
environment, community size, industrial development
Factors affecting population health: Social and cultural factors - Answer -social norms,
economy, socioeconomic position, politics, religion
Factors affecting population health: community organizing - Answer -bringing people
together to combat a health problem, engaging communities to act; politics, psychology
of risk, and social values affect potential for organizing
Factors affecting population health: individual behavior - Answer -behavior change is
essential but hard to regulate or enforce
individual behavior can affect others directly - infectious diseases, second-hand smoke,
car crashes
Challenges to public health efforts - Answer -Vested interests (tobacco and food
industries)
Invisibility of benefits (don't see the child who didn't get measles)
Success results in loss of urgency
Universality of benefits means specific individual might not see benefits
,Rule of rescue: human impulse to rescue an identifiable person facing imminent danger
regardless of the cost
Prior to 1850s - Answer -Epidemic avoidance
Development of isolation and quarantine
Edwin Chadwick - Answer -Improve living conditions to improve health
Improved health will improve productive output and reduce social costs
Focus on clean water and waste disposal
Asserted that public health aligned with economic interests
Lemuel Shattuck - Answer -Vital statistics: birth, death, marriage
Mortality cross-tabulated by age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic level, geographic
location
Immunizations, smoking status, alcohol abuse
1850-1949 - Answer -Building State and Local Public Health Infrastructure
Creation of US Public Health Service and FDA
1950-1999 - Answer -Filling gaps in medical care delivery
Medicare and Medicaid
OSHA, EPA
After 1999 - Answer -Preparing for and responding to community health threats
Public Health Achievements 1900-1999 - Answer -1. Vaccinations
2. Motor vehicle safety
3. Workplace safety
4. Control of infectious diseases
5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
6. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
7. Healthier mothers and infants
8. Safer and healthier foods
9. Family planning
10. Fluoridation of drinking water
Public health achievements 2000-2010 - Answer -1. Vaccinations for preventable
diseases
2. Motor vehicle safety
3. Workplace safety
4. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
5. Cardiovascular disease prevention
6. Tobacco control
7. Healthier mothers and infants
8. Cancer prevention
9. Childhood lead poisoning prevention
, 10. Public health preparedness and response
Public Health Values - Answer -Health as a state of well-being, health as a right,
interdependence, trust, collaboration, participation, power of knowledge, use of scientific
method, responsibility for what we know, action based on principle
Flaws in market justice model - Answer -Unregulated markets do not produce public
health or equity
- Imperfect information
- Imperfect competition
- Inequality of conditions
Social Ecological Approach - Answer -
life course perspective - Answer -Time trajectory of life itself produces health and
disease
Positive and negative exposures can influence the future likelihood for attaining optimal
health
Critical period of life course perspective - Answer -Perinatal and adolescence
Why is the world aging? - Answer -Proportion of older adults will continue to increase
reflecting healthier populations and more people living longer
Deaths have been declining and more recently births are also declining
How does the growth of the older population compare with the growth of the overall
population? - Answer -modestly growing overall global population and rapidly growing
older population
How does the aging demographic compare between countries? - Answer -High-income
countries are at the front end of the demographic transition and already have high
proportions of older adults
compression of morbidity - Answer -minimizing the number of years of ill health or
limitations while maximizing the number of years in full health
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) - Answer -Average number of years that a person can
expect to live in "full health" offset by years lived in less than full health due to disease
and/or injury.
dementia trends - Answer -Longer lifespans results in an increasing number of
individuals developing cognitive decline or dementia
What is the most common form of dementia? - Answer -Alzheimer's
Define population - Answer -more than one individual who shares common
characteristics
Health WHO definition - Answer -a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
CE Winslow - Answer -Father of modern public health (prevent disease, prolong life
and promote health; it is a community effort). Founded Yale public health
Sir Geoffrey Vickers - Answer -Moral responsibility to successive redefining of the
unacceptable.
population health science - Answer -the study of conditions that shape the distribution
of health within and across populations and the mechanism through which these
conditions manifest as the health of individuals
Public Health Approach - Answer -1. Define the health problem
2. Identify risk factors associated with the problem
3. Develop and test community-level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the
problem
4. Implement interventions to improve the health of the population
5. Monitor interventions to assess their effectiveness
Factors affecting population health: Physical factors - Answer -geography,
environment, community size, industrial development
Factors affecting population health: Social and cultural factors - Answer -social norms,
economy, socioeconomic position, politics, religion
Factors affecting population health: community organizing - Answer -bringing people
together to combat a health problem, engaging communities to act; politics, psychology
of risk, and social values affect potential for organizing
Factors affecting population health: individual behavior - Answer -behavior change is
essential but hard to regulate or enforce
individual behavior can affect others directly - infectious diseases, second-hand smoke,
car crashes
Challenges to public health efforts - Answer -Vested interests (tobacco and food
industries)
Invisibility of benefits (don't see the child who didn't get measles)
Success results in loss of urgency
Universality of benefits means specific individual might not see benefits
,Rule of rescue: human impulse to rescue an identifiable person facing imminent danger
regardless of the cost
Prior to 1850s - Answer -Epidemic avoidance
Development of isolation and quarantine
Edwin Chadwick - Answer -Improve living conditions to improve health
Improved health will improve productive output and reduce social costs
Focus on clean water and waste disposal
Asserted that public health aligned with economic interests
Lemuel Shattuck - Answer -Vital statistics: birth, death, marriage
Mortality cross-tabulated by age, sex, occupation, socioeconomic level, geographic
location
Immunizations, smoking status, alcohol abuse
1850-1949 - Answer -Building State and Local Public Health Infrastructure
Creation of US Public Health Service and FDA
1950-1999 - Answer -Filling gaps in medical care delivery
Medicare and Medicaid
OSHA, EPA
After 1999 - Answer -Preparing for and responding to community health threats
Public Health Achievements 1900-1999 - Answer -1. Vaccinations
2. Motor vehicle safety
3. Workplace safety
4. Control of infectious diseases
5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
6. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
7. Healthier mothers and infants
8. Safer and healthier foods
9. Family planning
10. Fluoridation of drinking water
Public health achievements 2000-2010 - Answer -1. Vaccinations for preventable
diseases
2. Motor vehicle safety
3. Workplace safety
4. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
5. Cardiovascular disease prevention
6. Tobacco control
7. Healthier mothers and infants
8. Cancer prevention
9. Childhood lead poisoning prevention
, 10. Public health preparedness and response
Public Health Values - Answer -Health as a state of well-being, health as a right,
interdependence, trust, collaboration, participation, power of knowledge, use of scientific
method, responsibility for what we know, action based on principle
Flaws in market justice model - Answer -Unregulated markets do not produce public
health or equity
- Imperfect information
- Imperfect competition
- Inequality of conditions
Social Ecological Approach - Answer -
life course perspective - Answer -Time trajectory of life itself produces health and
disease
Positive and negative exposures can influence the future likelihood for attaining optimal
health
Critical period of life course perspective - Answer -Perinatal and adolescence
Why is the world aging? - Answer -Proportion of older adults will continue to increase
reflecting healthier populations and more people living longer
Deaths have been declining and more recently births are also declining
How does the growth of the older population compare with the growth of the overall
population? - Answer -modestly growing overall global population and rapidly growing
older population
How does the aging demographic compare between countries? - Answer -High-income
countries are at the front end of the demographic transition and already have high
proportions of older adults
compression of morbidity - Answer -minimizing the number of years of ill health or
limitations while maximizing the number of years in full health
Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) - Answer -Average number of years that a person can
expect to live in "full health" offset by years lived in less than full health due to disease
and/or injury.
dementia trends - Answer -Longer lifespans results in an increasing number of
individuals developing cognitive decline or dementia
What is the most common form of dementia? - Answer -Alzheimer's
