Concepts for Nursing Practice, 4th Edition Chapter
1-57 | All Chapters|Queations and Answer 100%
Verified|Latest Version 2025
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Clean catch is a method of obtaining a urine specimen using
✓ special cleansing technique; also called midstream urine
Dirty catch is a method of obtaining a urine specimen using
✓ first voided urine; does not require cleaning prior or midstream
Insulin
✓ hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics to lower glucose
levels
Glucagon & cortisol
✓ counterregulatory hormones to raise glucose levels
Hypoglycemia is the state of
✓ insufficient or low blood glucose levels, less than 70mg/dL
Hyperglycemia is the state of
✓ elevated blood glucose levels, above 100mg/dL in fasting or 140mg/dL not fasting
What are the consequences of hyperglycemia
✓ dehydration
retinopathy
nephropathy
peripheral neuropathy
hypertension
cardiovascular & peripheral vascular disease
"hot & dry, sugar high"
What are the consequences of hypoglycemia
✓ nervousness or anxiety
irritability
diaphoresis (sweating)
seizures to unconsciousness & death
, "cold & clammy, give some candy"
What are the protocols for hypoglycemic state
✓ q15min give 15g of carbohydrates (4oz orange juice)
Insufficient nutrition
✓ type of malnutrition d.t. insufficient calorie intake or nutrient intake
starvation-related malnutrition
acute disease-related malnutrition
chronic disease-related malnutrition
Excessive nutrition
✓ type of malnutrition d.t. excessive calorie intake or excessive micronutrient intake
Why are albumin levels important
✓ is the most abundant plasma protein in blood, synthesized by liver and responsible for osmotic
pressure
Fluid & electrolyte balance is the process
✓ regulating the extracellular fluid volume, body fluid osmolarity, plasma concentrations of
electrolytes
Why are infants at risk of fluid & electrolyte imbalances
✓ high metabolic rate
immature kidneys
more rapid respiratory rate
proportionately greater body surface area
Why are older adults at risk of fluid & electrolyte imbalances
✓ thirst sensation blunted
kidneys less able to respond to ADH
impaired ability to conserve water
These are red flags for imbalances in fluids & electrolytes
✓ excessive vomiting & diarrhea
organ failure (renal, cardiac, hepatic)
unexplained nausea, dizziness, SOB, muscle cramping, edema, sudden vision changes
What labs are needed to be considered in dehydration
✓ sodium
potassium
, chloride
BUN/Creatinine for renal functioning
hematocrit
urine specific gravity (concentrated urine sample: dehydration)
Normal sodium levels
✓ 136-145 mEq/L
Normal potassium levels
✓ 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal magnesium levels
✓ 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Normal calcium (ionized) levels
✓ 4.5-5.6 mg/dL
Normal calcium (total) levels
✓ 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
What are risk factors for impaired tissue integrity
✓ health conditions associated with:
- poor peripheral perfusion
- malnutrition or obesity
- dehydration or edema
- impaired mobility
- immunosuppression
exposure to irritants
- extreme temperatures
- chemical or mechanical trauma
- medical treatments
- radiation
tissue trauma
- friction
- shearing
- pressure
- moisture
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Erythema
Pallor
✓ yellow
blue
, red
pale
Eccrine glands vs apocrine glands
- both are important for fluid balance & thermoregulation
- both produce sweat & are structures formed by tubular invagination of epidermis into
underlying dermis
- apocrine located in armpits & pubic area, thicker sweat & odor d.t. contact w/ bacteria
Higher incidence of melanoma in ____
Higher mortality d.t. melanoma in ____
✓ white = higher incidence
black = higher mortality
ABCDEF
✓ asymmetry
border irregularity
color variation
diameter greater than 6mm
elevated or evolution
funny looking compared to others
vesicle & bulla
✓ bulla is a large blister
Stages of pressure ulcers
✓ stage I - non-blanchable erythema
stage II - partial-thickness skin loss
stage III - full-thickness skin loss, no underlying structures
stage IV - full-thickness skin loss, underlying structures seen
Examination findings requiring immediate assistance
✓ BP: > 160 systolic or < 90
temperature: <97 or >100
HR: < 60 or > 90e
RR: < 12 or > 28
O2: < 92 %
Urine output: < 30mL or <240mL/8h
Dark amber/bloody urine except for urology patients
Postoperative N & V
Surgical pain not controlled with medication and/or chest pain
Bleeding
Altered LOC, confusion, difficulty arousing
Sudden restlessness and/or anxiety
1-57 | All Chapters|Queations and Answer 100%
Verified|Latest Version 2025
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Clean catch is a method of obtaining a urine specimen using
✓ special cleansing technique; also called midstream urine
Dirty catch is a method of obtaining a urine specimen using
✓ first voided urine; does not require cleaning prior or midstream
Insulin
✓ hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics to lower glucose
levels
Glucagon & cortisol
✓ counterregulatory hormones to raise glucose levels
Hypoglycemia is the state of
✓ insufficient or low blood glucose levels, less than 70mg/dL
Hyperglycemia is the state of
✓ elevated blood glucose levels, above 100mg/dL in fasting or 140mg/dL not fasting
What are the consequences of hyperglycemia
✓ dehydration
retinopathy
nephropathy
peripheral neuropathy
hypertension
cardiovascular & peripheral vascular disease
"hot & dry, sugar high"
What are the consequences of hypoglycemia
✓ nervousness or anxiety
irritability
diaphoresis (sweating)
seizures to unconsciousness & death
, "cold & clammy, give some candy"
What are the protocols for hypoglycemic state
✓ q15min give 15g of carbohydrates (4oz orange juice)
Insufficient nutrition
✓ type of malnutrition d.t. insufficient calorie intake or nutrient intake
starvation-related malnutrition
acute disease-related malnutrition
chronic disease-related malnutrition
Excessive nutrition
✓ type of malnutrition d.t. excessive calorie intake or excessive micronutrient intake
Why are albumin levels important
✓ is the most abundant plasma protein in blood, synthesized by liver and responsible for osmotic
pressure
Fluid & electrolyte balance is the process
✓ regulating the extracellular fluid volume, body fluid osmolarity, plasma concentrations of
electrolytes
Why are infants at risk of fluid & electrolyte imbalances
✓ high metabolic rate
immature kidneys
more rapid respiratory rate
proportionately greater body surface area
Why are older adults at risk of fluid & electrolyte imbalances
✓ thirst sensation blunted
kidneys less able to respond to ADH
impaired ability to conserve water
These are red flags for imbalances in fluids & electrolytes
✓ excessive vomiting & diarrhea
organ failure (renal, cardiac, hepatic)
unexplained nausea, dizziness, SOB, muscle cramping, edema, sudden vision changes
What labs are needed to be considered in dehydration
✓ sodium
potassium
, chloride
BUN/Creatinine for renal functioning
hematocrit
urine specific gravity (concentrated urine sample: dehydration)
Normal sodium levels
✓ 136-145 mEq/L
Normal potassium levels
✓ 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal magnesium levels
✓ 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Normal calcium (ionized) levels
✓ 4.5-5.6 mg/dL
Normal calcium (total) levels
✓ 9.0-10.5 mg/dL
What are risk factors for impaired tissue integrity
✓ health conditions associated with:
- poor peripheral perfusion
- malnutrition or obesity
- dehydration or edema
- impaired mobility
- immunosuppression
exposure to irritants
- extreme temperatures
- chemical or mechanical trauma
- medical treatments
- radiation
tissue trauma
- friction
- shearing
- pressure
- moisture
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Erythema
Pallor
✓ yellow
blue
, red
pale
Eccrine glands vs apocrine glands
- both are important for fluid balance & thermoregulation
- both produce sweat & are structures formed by tubular invagination of epidermis into
underlying dermis
- apocrine located in armpits & pubic area, thicker sweat & odor d.t. contact w/ bacteria
Higher incidence of melanoma in ____
Higher mortality d.t. melanoma in ____
✓ white = higher incidence
black = higher mortality
ABCDEF
✓ asymmetry
border irregularity
color variation
diameter greater than 6mm
elevated or evolution
funny looking compared to others
vesicle & bulla
✓ bulla is a large blister
Stages of pressure ulcers
✓ stage I - non-blanchable erythema
stage II - partial-thickness skin loss
stage III - full-thickness skin loss, no underlying structures
stage IV - full-thickness skin loss, underlying structures seen
Examination findings requiring immediate assistance
✓ BP: > 160 systolic or < 90
temperature: <97 or >100
HR: < 60 or > 90e
RR: < 12 or > 28
O2: < 92 %
Urine output: < 30mL or <240mL/8h
Dark amber/bloody urine except for urology patients
Postoperative N & V
Surgical pain not controlled with medication and/or chest pain
Bleeding
Altered LOC, confusion, difficulty arousing
Sudden restlessness and/or anxiety
