Nur 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Nur2063
Essentials of Pathophysiology Actual Exam
Latest Update 2025 Questions and Correct
Answers Rated A+
What is gastritis? -answer-inflammation of the stomach lining. The
lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? -answer-ingestion of irritating
substances such a alcohol, aspirin, nsaids, viruses and bacteria
What is gerd? -answer-the back flow of gastric contents into the
esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation
occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of gerd? -answer-any condition or agent that
alters closure of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in
abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol,
smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
What are complications of gerd? -answer-barrett's esophagus where
columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal
esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to
ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such
as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? -answer-
epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids
(gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food,
duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food).
,Can also be life threatening as gi bleeding can occur without warning
and cause a drop in h/h and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of h.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? -answer-promotes
both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas.
It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it
away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(c.diff) -answer-acute
inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining
cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? -answer-clostridium
difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and
c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? -answer-
foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis,
colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? -answer-stop current
antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral
antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or
colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? -
answer-wearing appropriate ppe and washing hands with soap and
water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? -answer-
periumbilical pain, rlq pain, presence of a positive mcburneys point
,with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, rlq tenderness, systemic
signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? -answer-mcburney's point
technique when pressing on the belly button and rlq hip region and
removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive
appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? -answer-previous surgery
of the intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel,
metastatic cancer of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs,
accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? -answer-a problem with the
act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement
from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow
motility or shut off the gi system from the sns stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? -answer-due to adhesions,
hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines,
intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? -answer-
hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia,
decreased vitamin d and k) and portal hypertension (gi congestion due
to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids,
enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? -answer-green- yellow staining of tissues
from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra
bilirubin
, Where can you find jaundice on assessment? -answer-eyes, skin, and
mouth
Explain what ascites is? -answer-pathological accumulation of fluid in
the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing
fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the
abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? -answer-neuropsychiatric syndrome
from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down.
Results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with
jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? -answer-cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? -answer-sudden pain
in the ruq/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and
vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? -answer-due to often a blockage of a duct
from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? -answer-
supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase -answer-bile is saturated with
cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase -answer-the bile crystals begin to stick
together and become larger stones
Essentials of Pathophysiology Actual Exam
Latest Update 2025 Questions and Correct
Answers Rated A+
What is gastritis? -answer-inflammation of the stomach lining. The
lining will be red and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? -answer-ingestion of irritating
substances such a alcohol, aspirin, nsaids, viruses and bacteria
What is gerd? -answer-the back flow of gastric contents into the
esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation
occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of gerd? -answer-any condition or agent that
alters closure of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in
abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol,
smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
What are complications of gerd? -answer-barrett's esophagus where
columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal
esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to
ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such
as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? -answer-
epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids
(gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food,
duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food).
,Can also be life threatening as gi bleeding can occur without warning
and cause a drop in h/h and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of h.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? -answer-promotes
both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas.
It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it
away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(c.diff) -answer-acute
inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining
cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? -answer-clostridium
difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and
c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? -answer-
foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis,
colonic perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? -answer-stop current
antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral
antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or
colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? -
answer-wearing appropriate ppe and washing hands with soap and
water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? -answer-
periumbilical pain, rlq pain, presence of a positive mcburneys point
,with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, rlq tenderness, systemic
signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? -answer-mcburney's point
technique when pressing on the belly button and rlq hip region and
removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive
appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? -answer-previous surgery
of the intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel,
metastatic cancer of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs,
accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? -answer-a problem with the
act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement
from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow
motility or shut off the gi system from the sns stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? -answer-due to adhesions,
hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines,
intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? -answer-
hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia,
decreased vitamin d and k) and portal hypertension (gi congestion due
to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids,
enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? -answer-green- yellow staining of tissues
from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra
bilirubin
, Where can you find jaundice on assessment? -answer-eyes, skin, and
mouth
Explain what ascites is? -answer-pathological accumulation of fluid in
the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing
fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the
abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? -answer-neuropsychiatric syndrome
from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down.
Results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with
jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? -answer-cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? -answer-sudden pain
in the ruq/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and
vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? -answer-due to often a blockage of a duct
from a cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? -answer-
supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility
Explain supersaturation phase -answer-bile is saturated with
cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol
Explain nucleation phase -answer-the bile crystals begin to stick
together and become larger stones
