Module 2 Exam
Ventilatory Assistance Ch. 9
● Hypoxemia: Low O2 levels in arterial blood (PaO2 < 60 mmHg)
● Hypoxia: Low O2 at TISSUE level
● Normal respirations are stimulated by ↑ CO2
● ↓ O2 levels stimulates COPD pts to breathe
● Work of breathing (WOB): Amount of effort required to maintain ventilation
● Compliance: How much the lungs can stretch
○ Types:
■ Static: measured under condition of no airflow (inspiratory hold)
■ Dynamic: Measured while gases flowing
● Resistance: Opposition to the flow of gases in the airways
○ Airway resistance is increased when the airway is lengthened or narrowed as
with an artificial airway or spasms (bronchoconstriction)
● IS is used to measure lung volume & capacity to determine adequate pulmonary
function.
○ Lung capacities decline gradually with age
○ Normal assessment findings associated with aging:
■ Barrel chest, kyphosis, lower PaO2 on ABGs, & ↓ chest expansion
● Tidal Volume: Volume of normal breath = 500 mL
● Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at normal
resting expiration = 2300 mL
● Vital Capacity (VC): maximum volume of gas forcefully expired after maximum
inspiration = 4600 mL
● Subcutaneous Crepitus (AKA subq emphysema): Gas or air under skin that has
escaped from the lungs (sounds like rice krispies)
● Tracheal Deviation: Unequal intrathoracic pressure within the chest cavity
● Tactile Fremitus: Vibration of chest wall during speaking that is palpable of physical
exam
● Percussion:
○ Resonance: normal lung sound
○ Dullness: denser than normal tissues
○ Flatness: air is absent
○ Hyperresonance: increased amount of air
○ Tympany: air-filled area
● Normal breath sounds: Bronchial, bronchovesicular, & vesicular
○ Bronchovesicular: large central airways
○ Vesicular: small airways
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Ventilatory Assistance Ch. 9
● Hypoxemia: Low O2 levels in arterial blood (PaO2 < 60 mmHg)
● Hypoxia: Low O2 at TISSUE level
● Normal respirations are stimulated by ↑ CO2
● ↓ O2 levels stimulates COPD pts to breathe
● Work of breathing (WOB): Amount of effort required to maintain ventilation
● Compliance: How much the lungs can stretch
○ Types:
■ Static: measured under condition of no airflow (inspiratory hold)
■ Dynamic: Measured while gases flowing
● Resistance: Opposition to the flow of gases in the airways
○ Airway resistance is increased when the airway is lengthened or narrowed as
with an artificial airway or spasms (bronchoconstriction)
● IS is used to measure lung volume & capacity to determine adequate pulmonary
function.
○ Lung capacities decline gradually with age
○ Normal assessment findings associated with aging:
■ Barrel chest, kyphosis, lower PaO2 on ABGs, & ↓ chest expansion
● Tidal Volume: Volume of normal breath = 500 mL
● Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at normal
resting expiration = 2300 mL
● Vital Capacity (VC): maximum volume of gas forcefully expired after maximum
inspiration = 4600 mL
● Subcutaneous Crepitus (AKA subq emphysema): Gas or air under skin that has
escaped from the lungs (sounds like rice krispies)
● Tracheal Deviation: Unequal intrathoracic pressure within the chest cavity
● Tactile Fremitus: Vibration of chest wall during speaking that is palpable of physical
exam
● Percussion:
○ Resonance: normal lung sound
○ Dullness: denser than normal tissues
○ Flatness: air is absent
○ Hyperresonance: increased amount of air
○ Tympany: air-filled area
● Normal breath sounds: Bronchial, bronchovesicular, & vesicular
○ Bronchovesicular: large central airways
○ Vesicular: small airways
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