1|Page
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH
100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Pleural effusion caused by increased hydrostatic pressure is
called what?
A. Exudative
B. Pheumonic
C. Transudative
D. Oxidative - . . ANSWER ✓✓ Transudative
Retinal detachment is a serious complication of diabetic
retionopathy and AMD.
Describe how retinal detachment leads to vision loss. - . .
ANSWER ✓✓ In retinal detachment, the inner layers of the retina
break away from retinal epithelial cells and the choroid layer,
leading to ischemia of the retina and loss of vision.
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+
and K+) and measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation
can be useful in determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.
,2|Page
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic
ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis? - . . ANSWER ✓✓ The anion gap
is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
An ascending lower urinary tract infection (more commonly in
women or during pregnancy) often leads to which condition? - . .
ANSWER ✓✓ Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Nephrolithiasis
Acute Kidney Injury
An imbalance of secretions can lead to GI issues. Which of these
blocks the function of parietal cells?
A. Gastrin
B. Endoscopy
C. Histamine
D. PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors) - . . ANSWER ✓✓ Histamine
Choose three of the seven roles (of your choice) of the
integumentary system.
Describe the vital physiological function that each role serves.
,3|Page
Provide at least two examples that illustrate the function for
each role you have chosen. - . . ANSWER ✓✓ 1) Indicator of
general health. Changes in the color of skin or nailbeds can
indicate diseases of heart, liver, or blood cell synthesis.
Examples: see slides provided. Anemia /shock: pallor. Oxygen
deficit: blue skin.
2) Barrier protection. Protect body from chemical and
environmental hazards. The stratum corneum is a barrier to
antigens and is waterproof.
3) Thermoregulation. Maintain a constant body temperature.
Temperature sensors in the dermis send signal to
thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus. If warm, will sweat
and have capillary dilation. If cold, hairs stand up, surface
vessels constrict, and body shivers.
4) Immunological surveillance. Non-specific protection from
antigens. Keratinocytes secrete keratin and regulate immune
response.
5) Excretion/absorption. Regulate composition and volume of
sweat, and help to manage total fluid volume. Many substances
pass into and out of body through skin. See slides for more.
, 4|Page
6) Mirror for internal disease processes. External signs of
internal immune response/inflammatory processes, such as
wheals, blisters, and bullae.
7) Production of Vitamin D. Regulates calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. Role in bone development.
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the
other? - . . ANSWER ✓✓ Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump
blood from the body in one tube while dialysate (made of water,
electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the
opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the
semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the
dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a
solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The
peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The
waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste
solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less
disruption to the patient's daily routines. However, it does require
some training of the patient and is not recommended for
individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM-WITH
100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS-/A+ GRADE
Pleural effusion caused by increased hydrostatic pressure is
called what?
A. Exudative
B. Pheumonic
C. Transudative
D. Oxidative - . . ANSWER ✓✓ Transudative
Retinal detachment is a serious complication of diabetic
retionopathy and AMD.
Describe how retinal detachment leads to vision loss. - . .
ANSWER ✓✓ In retinal detachment, the inner layers of the retina
break away from retinal epithelial cells and the choroid layer,
leading to ischemia of the retina and loss of vision.
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+
and K+) and measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation
can be useful in determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.
,2|Page
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic
ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis? - . . ANSWER ✓✓ The anion gap
is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
An ascending lower urinary tract infection (more commonly in
women or during pregnancy) often leads to which condition? - . .
ANSWER ✓✓ Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Nephrolithiasis
Acute Kidney Injury
An imbalance of secretions can lead to GI issues. Which of these
blocks the function of parietal cells?
A. Gastrin
B. Endoscopy
C. Histamine
D. PPIs (Proton Pump Inhibitors) - . . ANSWER ✓✓ Histamine
Choose three of the seven roles (of your choice) of the
integumentary system.
Describe the vital physiological function that each role serves.
,3|Page
Provide at least two examples that illustrate the function for
each role you have chosen. - . . ANSWER ✓✓ 1) Indicator of
general health. Changes in the color of skin or nailbeds can
indicate diseases of heart, liver, or blood cell synthesis.
Examples: see slides provided. Anemia /shock: pallor. Oxygen
deficit: blue skin.
2) Barrier protection. Protect body from chemical and
environmental hazards. The stratum corneum is a barrier to
antigens and is waterproof.
3) Thermoregulation. Maintain a constant body temperature.
Temperature sensors in the dermis send signal to
thermoregulatory center in hypothalamus. If warm, will sweat
and have capillary dilation. If cold, hairs stand up, surface
vessels constrict, and body shivers.
4) Immunological surveillance. Non-specific protection from
antigens. Keratinocytes secrete keratin and regulate immune
response.
5) Excretion/absorption. Regulate composition and volume of
sweat, and help to manage total fluid volume. Many substances
pass into and out of body through skin. See slides for more.
, 4|Page
6) Mirror for internal disease processes. External signs of
internal immune response/inflammatory processes, such as
wheals, blisters, and bullae.
7) Production of Vitamin D. Regulates calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. Role in bone development.
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the
other? - . . ANSWER ✓✓ Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump
blood from the body in one tube while dialysate (made of water,
electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube in the
opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses through the
semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the
dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a
solution of water and glucose into the abdominal cavity. The
peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The
waste products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste
solution is then drained from the body.
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less
disruption to the patient's daily routines. However, it does require
some training of the patient and is not recommended for
individuals who are overweight or have severe kidney failure.
