BIOD 331
BIOD 331 / NURS 231 Pathophysiology –
Module 1 Exam. Portage Learning – Latest
2025 Update & Verified.
1. Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an
example of each.: These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is
an objective manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
2. What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?: Patient
history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
3. Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.: Validity: how a
tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to do the
job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent
on someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
,4. Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.:
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a
community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
5. What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?: Incidence is
the number of new cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is the
number of cases that exist in the population at a given time.
6. Define mortality and morbidity.: Mortality is the reason for death in a
population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness on someone's life, as it
pertains to their quality of life.
7. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an
example of each.: Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a
disease from occurring, for example eating healthy and exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are
either still curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions
happen to cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce
the risk of future heart attacks.
, 8. Why is evidence-based practice important?: Evidence-based practice is
important because medical professions follow up-to-date information and
studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures that new treatment options
are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates practices that no
longer benefit the patient.
9. What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?: The nucleus, cytoplasm,
and plasma membrane
10. What is the function of the nucleus?: The nucleus is the control center
for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
11. Name 3 structures within the nucleus.: Chromatin, nucleolus, and
nuclear envelope
12. What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?:
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
Rough ER carries ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomal enzymes.
Smooth ER NO RIBOSOMES. Creates lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid
hormones.
13. What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and
mitochondria?: Lysosomes break down proteins.
BIOD 331 / NURS 231 Pathophysiology –
Module 1 Exam. Portage Learning – Latest
2025 Update & Verified.
1. Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an
example of each.: These both relate to manifestations of a disease. Signs is
an objective manifestation while symptoms are a subjective complaint.
Signs are apparent to the physician, symptoms are apparent to the patient.
2. What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?: Patient
history, diagnostic testing, and a physical examination.
3. Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.: Validity: how a
tool measures what it is intended to measure i.e. the correct tool to do the
job, such as using a blood pressure cuff to measure blood pressure
Reliability: likelihood of yielding the same result of a test, usually dependent
on someone's experience and skill level
Sensitivity: proportion of people with a disease who test positive
Specificity: people without the disease who test negative for it
,4. Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.:
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence. It tracks the health of a
community by tracking age, race, nutritional habits and locations.
5. What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?: Incidence is
the number of new cases in the population at a given time, prevalence is the
number of cases that exist in the population at a given time.
6. Define mortality and morbidity.: Mortality is the reason for death in a
population. Morbidity is the effect of the illness on someone's life, as it
pertains to their quality of life.
7. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an
example of each.: Primary prevention is what a person does to prevent a
disease from occurring, for example eating healthy and exercising.
Secondary prevention is aiming to detect and treat diseases when they are
either still curable or asymptomatic. An example of this is a colonoscopy
Tertiary prevention is when a disease is diagnosed and clinical interventions
happen to cause further complications. For example, using medication to reduce
the risk of future heart attacks.
, 8. Why is evidence-based practice important?: Evidence-based practice is
important because medical professions follow up-to-date information and
studies in order to treat diseases. This ensures that new treatment options
are followed, preventing physicians from using outdates practices that no
longer benefit the patient.
9. What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?: The nucleus, cytoplasm,
and plasma membrane
10. What is the function of the nucleus?: The nucleus is the control center
for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
11. Name 3 structures within the nucleus.: Chromatin, nucleolus, and
nuclear envelope
12. What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?:
Ribosomes synthesize proteins.
Rough ER carries ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomal enzymes.
Smooth ER NO RIBOSOMES. Creates lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid
hormones.
13. What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and
mitochondria?: Lysosomes break down proteins.
