OAE School Counseling (040) Study
Guide Latest Updated
Erikson
Birth-18 months - ANS-Trust vs Mistrust
-Children develop trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.
-Lack of trust will lead to mistrust
Erikson
1-3 years - ANS-Autonomy vs Shame
-Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of
independence.
-Success=Autonomy
-Failure=Shame
Erikson
3-5 years - ANS-Initiative vs Guilt
-Children must assert control and power over their environment.
-Success in this stage leads to sense of purpose.
-Children who try and exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a
sense of guilt
Erikson
5-12 years - ANS-Industry vs Inferiority
-Children need to cope with new social and academic commands.
-Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure makes children feel inferior
Erikson
12-18 years - ANS-Identity vs Role Confusion
- Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
-Success leads to an ability to stay true to self
-Failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self
Erikson
18-40 years - ANS-Intimacy vs Isolation
,-Adults need to form intimate loving relationships with others.
-Success leads to strong relationships
-Failure leads to loneliness and confusion
Erikson
40-65 - ANS-Generativity vs Stagnation
-Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them.
-Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment
-Failure leads to shallow involvement in the world
Erikson
65+ - ANS-Ego Integrity vs Despair
-Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment.
-Success leads to feelings of wisdom
-Failure leads to regret,
bitterness, and despair
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANS-Developing child builds cognitive
structures
-Mental Maps.
-Schemes.
-Networked Concepts.
-Used to understand and respond to physical experienced within his or her environment
Piaget Cognitive Development
Birth-2 years - ANS-Sensorimotor
-Child learns by doing: Looking, touching, sucking.
-Child learns they are separate from their environment and aspects of the environment
continue to exist outside their senses
Piaget Cognitive Development
2-7 years - ANS-Preoperational
-The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers.
-Egocentrism is present. Inability to take someone elses view
-Oriented to present, difficulty conceptualizing time.
Piaget Cognitive Development
7-11 years - ANS-Concrete Operational
-Can work through problems in their head.
-Demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding
of cause-and-effect relationships
,Piaget Cognitive Development
11 years-Adulthood - ANS-Formal Operational
-Demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and
classification.
-Capable of hypothetical reasoning
Mean - ANS-The average
Mode - ANS-Most frequent value
Median - ANS-Middle score
According to Lev Vygotskys theory of Cognitive Development, children acquire
language primarily as a result of: - ANS-Social Interactions
Elementary educators who incorporate Howard Gardner's theory of multiple
intelligence's into their planning are most likely to - ANS-Vary instructional methods
used throughout the school day
What's a benefit of discovery learning? - ANS-Prompts students to construct their own
knowledge through direct interaction with objects and environments
When implementing classroom guidance lessons, a school counselor best promote
student's motivation to learn by: - ANS-Relating the content of each lesson to the
student's lives and experiences
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
*Pre-conventional Morality* - ANS-Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
-All children start here, rules are seen as being fixed and absoulute. Obeying rules is
important because it means avoiding punishment.
Stage 2: Self-Interest Orientation
-Children learn that other people have their own goals and you can negotiate. "What's in
it for me?" mentality.
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
*Conventional Morality* - ANS-Stage 3: Social Conformity
-By adolescence most individuals have developed this stage. Sense of "good boys" and
"nice girls" living up to social expectations and norms because of how they impact day-
to-day relationships
Stage 4: Law and Order
, -By the time individuals reach adulthood, they usually consider society as a whole when
making judgments. Focus on maintaining law and order by following rules.
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
*Post-conventional Morality* - ANS-Stage 5: Social Contract
-Differing opinions on what is right and wrong and that laws are social contract based on
majority decision. People at this stage sometimes disobey rules if they find them
inconsistent with personal values.
Stage 6: Universal Ethics
-Few people operate at this stage. Moral principles seen as more important than the
laws. Abstract thinking.
The primary purpose of incorporating group counseling into a school counseling
program is to: - ANS-Provide a supportive environment where students can practice
new behaviors and exchange feedback
In a school counseling program that employs a differentiated staffing model, the most
effective way to provide services would be to - ANS-Assign tasks by area of expertise
It is recommended that a school counselor evaluate the effectiveness of a
comprehensive school counseling program every: - ANS-Year
A school counselor conducts a program evaluation close to the end of each school year.
The primary purpose of this practice is to - ANS-Identify counseling services that will
likely be necessary to meet new areas of need for the following year.
Explain Standard Deviation Scores - ANS-The average amount of variation around the
mean in original terms.
Score allows us to measure the difference in distribution of numbers.
1 SD = 68% of population
2 SD = 95% of population
3 SD = 99% of population
What is the Zone of Proximal Development - ANS-Created by Lev Vygotsky
-Skills too difficult for a child to master on their own, but can be done with guidance and
encouragement from a knowledgeable person.
-Examples usually given
Who created the multiple intelligence? - ANS-Howard Gardner
Name the multiple intelligence levels - ANS-1. Muscial-rhythmic
2. Visual-spatial
3. Verbal-linguistic
Guide Latest Updated
Erikson
Birth-18 months - ANS-Trust vs Mistrust
-Children develop trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.
-Lack of trust will lead to mistrust
Erikson
1-3 years - ANS-Autonomy vs Shame
-Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and sense of
independence.
-Success=Autonomy
-Failure=Shame
Erikson
3-5 years - ANS-Initiative vs Guilt
-Children must assert control and power over their environment.
-Success in this stage leads to sense of purpose.
-Children who try and exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a
sense of guilt
Erikson
5-12 years - ANS-Industry vs Inferiority
-Children need to cope with new social and academic commands.
-Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure makes children feel inferior
Erikson
12-18 years - ANS-Identity vs Role Confusion
- Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
-Success leads to an ability to stay true to self
-Failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self
Erikson
18-40 years - ANS-Intimacy vs Isolation
,-Adults need to form intimate loving relationships with others.
-Success leads to strong relationships
-Failure leads to loneliness and confusion
Erikson
40-65 - ANS-Generativity vs Stagnation
-Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them.
-Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment
-Failure leads to shallow involvement in the world
Erikson
65+ - ANS-Ego Integrity vs Despair
-Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment.
-Success leads to feelings of wisdom
-Failure leads to regret,
bitterness, and despair
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANS-Developing child builds cognitive
structures
-Mental Maps.
-Schemes.
-Networked Concepts.
-Used to understand and respond to physical experienced within his or her environment
Piaget Cognitive Development
Birth-2 years - ANS-Sensorimotor
-Child learns by doing: Looking, touching, sucking.
-Child learns they are separate from their environment and aspects of the environment
continue to exist outside their senses
Piaget Cognitive Development
2-7 years - ANS-Preoperational
-The child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers.
-Egocentrism is present. Inability to take someone elses view
-Oriented to present, difficulty conceptualizing time.
Piaget Cognitive Development
7-11 years - ANS-Concrete Operational
-Can work through problems in their head.
-Demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding
of cause-and-effect relationships
,Piaget Cognitive Development
11 years-Adulthood - ANS-Formal Operational
-Demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and
classification.
-Capable of hypothetical reasoning
Mean - ANS-The average
Mode - ANS-Most frequent value
Median - ANS-Middle score
According to Lev Vygotskys theory of Cognitive Development, children acquire
language primarily as a result of: - ANS-Social Interactions
Elementary educators who incorporate Howard Gardner's theory of multiple
intelligence's into their planning are most likely to - ANS-Vary instructional methods
used throughout the school day
What's a benefit of discovery learning? - ANS-Prompts students to construct their own
knowledge through direct interaction with objects and environments
When implementing classroom guidance lessons, a school counselor best promote
student's motivation to learn by: - ANS-Relating the content of each lesson to the
student's lives and experiences
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
*Pre-conventional Morality* - ANS-Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
-All children start here, rules are seen as being fixed and absoulute. Obeying rules is
important because it means avoiding punishment.
Stage 2: Self-Interest Orientation
-Children learn that other people have their own goals and you can negotiate. "What's in
it for me?" mentality.
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
*Conventional Morality* - ANS-Stage 3: Social Conformity
-By adolescence most individuals have developed this stage. Sense of "good boys" and
"nice girls" living up to social expectations and norms because of how they impact day-
to-day relationships
Stage 4: Law and Order
, -By the time individuals reach adulthood, they usually consider society as a whole when
making judgments. Focus on maintaining law and order by following rules.
Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
*Post-conventional Morality* - ANS-Stage 5: Social Contract
-Differing opinions on what is right and wrong and that laws are social contract based on
majority decision. People at this stage sometimes disobey rules if they find them
inconsistent with personal values.
Stage 6: Universal Ethics
-Few people operate at this stage. Moral principles seen as more important than the
laws. Abstract thinking.
The primary purpose of incorporating group counseling into a school counseling
program is to: - ANS-Provide a supportive environment where students can practice
new behaviors and exchange feedback
In a school counseling program that employs a differentiated staffing model, the most
effective way to provide services would be to - ANS-Assign tasks by area of expertise
It is recommended that a school counselor evaluate the effectiveness of a
comprehensive school counseling program every: - ANS-Year
A school counselor conducts a program evaluation close to the end of each school year.
The primary purpose of this practice is to - ANS-Identify counseling services that will
likely be necessary to meet new areas of need for the following year.
Explain Standard Deviation Scores - ANS-The average amount of variation around the
mean in original terms.
Score allows us to measure the difference in distribution of numbers.
1 SD = 68% of population
2 SD = 95% of population
3 SD = 99% of population
What is the Zone of Proximal Development - ANS-Created by Lev Vygotsky
-Skills too difficult for a child to master on their own, but can be done with guidance and
encouragement from a knowledgeable person.
-Examples usually given
Who created the multiple intelligence? - ANS-Howard Gardner
Name the multiple intelligence levels - ANS-1. Muscial-rhythmic
2. Visual-spatial
3. Verbal-linguistic
