Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
What is the most common reportable infectious disease in the United States? - ANSGenital
Chlamydia
Salpingitis - ANSInflammation of the fallopian tubes
The first line of defense includes - ANSany barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry.
Also nonspecific.
A surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes
from penetrating sterile body compartments.
Physical barriers, Chemical barriers
The second line of defense - ANSis a more internal system of protective cells, fluids, and
processes that includes inflammation and phagocytosis. Also nonspecific.
A cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it
past the surface defenses.
Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever, Antimicrobial proteins
The third line of defense - ANShighly specific, and is acquired only as each foreign substance
is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes.
Also provides long-term immunity.
Includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the
action of specialized white blood cells.
B cells, T cells
Desquamated - ANSto shed the cuticle in scales; to peel off the outer layer of a surface.
The presence of intestinal microbiota is considered - ANS
Lysozyme - ANSAn enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that breaks down bacterial
peptidoglycan.
Immunology - ANSThe study of the system of body defenses that protect against infection.
A healthy functioning immune system is responsible for - ANS1. surveillance of the body
2. recognition of foreign material
3. destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
Markers - ANSThe surface chemicals that the immune system evaluates
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSMolecules on the surfaces of many
types of microbes that are not present on host cells that mark the microbes as foreign.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - ANSMolecules on the surface of host defense cells hat
recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns on microbes.
Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) - ANSA collection of monocytes and macrophages
scattered throughout the extracellular spaces that function to engulf and degrade foreign
molecules.
The Circulatory System - ANSbody compartments are screened by circulating WBC's in the
cardiovascular system.
,Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
Lymphatic system - ANSis a compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized
accessory organs.
Major functions of lymphatic system are - ANS1. to provide a route for the return of
extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
2. to act as a "drain off" system for the inflammatory response
3. to render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a
system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies.
Lymphatic fluid - ANSPlasma like liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation.
It is formed when certain blood components move out of the blood vessels into the
extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries.
like blood, it transports numerous white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) and
miscellaneous materials such as fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents that have gained
access to the tissue spaces.
Which components is/are associated with the second line of defense? - ANS- Cells especially
phagocytes
- antimicrobial chemicals (peptides, complements and interferons)
- processes (inflammation and fever)
Note: Many of these components are contained or originate in the blood.
Lymphatic Vessels - ANSThe system of vessels that transports lymph is constructed along
the lines of blood vessels. As the lymph is never subjected to high pressure, the lymphatic
vessels appear more similar to thin-walled veins than to thicker-walled arteries. The tiniest
vessels, lymphatic capillaries, accompany the blood capillaries and extend into all parts of the
body except the central nervous system and certain organs such as bone, placenta, and
thymus. Their thin walls are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from the
circulatory system. Lymphatic vessels are found in particularly high numbers in the hands,
feet, and around the areola of the breast.
Thymus - ANSOriginates in the embryo as two lobes in the lower neck region that fuse into a
triangular structure.
Under the influence of thymic hormones, thymus cells develop specificity and are released
into the circulation as mature T cells.
The T cells subsequently migrate to and settle in other lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and
spleen), where they occupy the specific sites described previously.
Lymph Nodes - ANSare small, encapsulated bean-shaped organs stationed, usually in
clusters, along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal
cavities.
Their job is to filter out materials in the lymph and to provide appropriate cells for immune
reactions.
,Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
Spleen - ANSa lymphoid organ in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.
Serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph.
Primary function is to remove worn-out red blood cells from circulation.
Most important immunologic function is the filtering of pathogens from the blood and their
subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen.
The spleen can hold up to 1 cup of blood.
Inborn, nonspecific defenses can be divided into physical, chemical, and genetic barriers that
impede the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent, whether living or not. Identify
the physical barrier from the list that follows: - ANSMucous membranes
Surface protection is classified as: - ANSinnate nonspecific
Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include: - ANSlysozyme
Which of the following is Not correct regarding host defenses:
First line of defense blocks portals of entry.
Second line of defense include inflammation and phagocytosis.
Third line of defense is lymphocyte-dependent and specific.
Fourth line of defense provides long-term immunity. - ANSFourth line of defense provides
long-term immunity.
The reticulum - ANSinterconnects nearby cells.
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) - ANSprovides a passageway within and between
tissues and organs
Plasma - ANScontains hundreds of different chemicals produced by the liver, white blood
cells, and assorted glands and body systems.
Hemopoiesis begins early in embryonic development in the - ANSyolk sac
Hematopoietic stem cells
(A) are the precursor of new blood cells.
(B) are maintained in the bone marrow.
(C) proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
(D) are all of the above. - ANS(D) are all of the above.
The majority of white blood cells in circulation include - ANSneutrophils and lymphocytes
Erythrocytes - ANScarry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Platelets
(A) act in inflammation.
(B) are not whole cells.
(C) function in hemostasis.
(D) all of the above. - ANS(D) all of the above
The B-lymphocyte - ANSwhen activated will divide and form specialized plasma cells which
produce antibodies
, Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
The lymphatic system - ANSprovides an auxiliary route for the return of extracellular fluid to
the circulatory system proper.
The lymphatic system differs from the bloodstream in that - ANSlymph flow is dependent on
muscle movement
Identify the specific defense from the list that follows.
(A) Granulocytes
(B) T-lymphocytes
(C) Macrophages
(D) Dendritic cells - ANST-lymphocytes
Granulocytes - ANSinclude neutrophils
Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Redness matches the
Latin term - ANSrubor
The chief functions of the inflammatory response include
(A) bringing immune components to injury via cytokines.
(B) initiate mechanisms to repair tissue.
(C) destroy and block invasion of microbes.
(D) all of the above. - ANS(D) all of the above
_______ are produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts. It inhibits virus replication and cell
division and increases the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells. - ANSInterferons
Monocytes leave the marrow via the bloodstream. As they enter tissues, they mature and
become - ANSmacrophages
Fever - ANSincreases the rapidity of the host immune responses.
Compliment is found in the - ANSplasma
Interferon synthesis - ANSsignals cells nearby to synthesize antiviral proteins
B and T cells provide acquired short-term protection against specific microbes.
True or False - ANSFalse
The body is partitioned into several fluid-filled spaces that are physically separated without
connections to one another. This arrangement makes it difficult for the immune system to
function at its optimum capacity.
True
False - ANSFalse
Fever is a systemic response while inflammation is a localized response.
True
False - ANSTrue
Chills indicate a rapidly decreasing temperature. It means the fever is breaking.
True
False - ANSFalse
Complement is a complex defense system that results, by way of a cascade mechanism, in the
formation of a membrane attack complex that kills cells by creating holes in their
membranes.
True
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
What is the most common reportable infectious disease in the United States? - ANSGenital
Chlamydia
Salpingitis - ANSInflammation of the fallopian tubes
The first line of defense includes - ANSany barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry.
Also nonspecific.
A surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers that keep microbes
from penetrating sterile body compartments.
Physical barriers, Chemical barriers
The second line of defense - ANSis a more internal system of protective cells, fluids, and
processes that includes inflammation and phagocytosis. Also nonspecific.
A cellular and chemical system that comes immediately into play if infectious agents make it
past the surface defenses.
Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever, Antimicrobial proteins
The third line of defense - ANShighly specific, and is acquired only as each foreign substance
is encountered by white blood cells called lymphocytes.
Also provides long-term immunity.
Includes specific host defenses that must be developed uniquely for each microbe through the
action of specialized white blood cells.
B cells, T cells
Desquamated - ANSto shed the cuticle in scales; to peel off the outer layer of a surface.
The presence of intestinal microbiota is considered - ANS
Lysozyme - ANSAn enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that breaks down bacterial
peptidoglycan.
Immunology - ANSThe study of the system of body defenses that protect against infection.
A healthy functioning immune system is responsible for - ANS1. surveillance of the body
2. recognition of foreign material
3. destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
Markers - ANSThe surface chemicals that the immune system evaluates
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSMolecules on the surfaces of many
types of microbes that are not present on host cells that mark the microbes as foreign.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) - ANSMolecules on the surface of host defense cells hat
recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns on microbes.
Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) - ANSA collection of monocytes and macrophages
scattered throughout the extracellular spaces that function to engulf and degrade foreign
molecules.
The Circulatory System - ANSbody compartments are screened by circulating WBC's in the
cardiovascular system.
,Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
Lymphatic system - ANSis a compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized
accessory organs.
Major functions of lymphatic system are - ANS1. to provide a route for the return of
extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
2. to act as a "drain off" system for the inflammatory response
3. to render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a
system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies.
Lymphatic fluid - ANSPlasma like liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation.
It is formed when certain blood components move out of the blood vessels into the
extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries.
like blood, it transports numerous white blood cells (especially lymphocytes) and
miscellaneous materials such as fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents that have gained
access to the tissue spaces.
Which components is/are associated with the second line of defense? - ANS- Cells especially
phagocytes
- antimicrobial chemicals (peptides, complements and interferons)
- processes (inflammation and fever)
Note: Many of these components are contained or originate in the blood.
Lymphatic Vessels - ANSThe system of vessels that transports lymph is constructed along
the lines of blood vessels. As the lymph is never subjected to high pressure, the lymphatic
vessels appear more similar to thin-walled veins than to thicker-walled arteries. The tiniest
vessels, lymphatic capillaries, accompany the blood capillaries and extend into all parts of the
body except the central nervous system and certain organs such as bone, placenta, and
thymus. Their thin walls are easily permeated by extracellular fluid that has escaped from the
circulatory system. Lymphatic vessels are found in particularly high numbers in the hands,
feet, and around the areola of the breast.
Thymus - ANSOriginates in the embryo as two lobes in the lower neck region that fuse into a
triangular structure.
Under the influence of thymic hormones, thymus cells develop specificity and are released
into the circulation as mature T cells.
The T cells subsequently migrate to and settle in other lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and
spleen), where they occupy the specific sites described previously.
Lymph Nodes - ANSare small, encapsulated bean-shaped organs stationed, usually in
clusters, along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels of the thoracic and abdominal
cavities.
Their job is to filter out materials in the lymph and to provide appropriate cells for immune
reactions.
,Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
Spleen - ANSa lymphoid organ in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity.
Serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph.
Primary function is to remove worn-out red blood cells from circulation.
Most important immunologic function is the filtering of pathogens from the blood and their
subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages in the spleen.
The spleen can hold up to 1 cup of blood.
Inborn, nonspecific defenses can be divided into physical, chemical, and genetic barriers that
impede the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent, whether living or not. Identify
the physical barrier from the list that follows: - ANSMucous membranes
Surface protection is classified as: - ANSinnate nonspecific
Nonspecific chemical defenses of the human host include: - ANSlysozyme
Which of the following is Not correct regarding host defenses:
First line of defense blocks portals of entry.
Second line of defense include inflammation and phagocytosis.
Third line of defense is lymphocyte-dependent and specific.
Fourth line of defense provides long-term immunity. - ANSFourth line of defense provides
long-term immunity.
The reticulum - ANSinterconnects nearby cells.
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) - ANSprovides a passageway within and between
tissues and organs
Plasma - ANScontains hundreds of different chemicals produced by the liver, white blood
cells, and assorted glands and body systems.
Hemopoiesis begins early in embryonic development in the - ANSyolk sac
Hematopoietic stem cells
(A) are the precursor of new blood cells.
(B) are maintained in the bone marrow.
(C) proliferate and differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
(D) are all of the above. - ANS(D) are all of the above.
The majority of white blood cells in circulation include - ANSneutrophils and lymphocytes
Erythrocytes - ANScarry oxygen and carbon dioxide
Platelets
(A) act in inflammation.
(B) are not whole cells.
(C) function in hemostasis.
(D) all of the above. - ANS(D) all of the above
The B-lymphocyte - ANSwhen activated will divide and form specialized plasma cells which
produce antibodies
, Host Defense Strategies and Their Impact on Disease
Outcomes.
A Comprehensive Exam Study Guide with Certified
Answers.
Latest Updated Exam Guide 2025/2026
The lymphatic system - ANSprovides an auxiliary route for the return of extracellular fluid to
the circulatory system proper.
The lymphatic system differs from the bloodstream in that - ANSlymph flow is dependent on
muscle movement
Identify the specific defense from the list that follows.
(A) Granulocytes
(B) T-lymphocytes
(C) Macrophages
(D) Dendritic cells - ANST-lymphocytes
Granulocytes - ANSinclude neutrophils
Inflammation is characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Redness matches the
Latin term - ANSrubor
The chief functions of the inflammatory response include
(A) bringing immune components to injury via cytokines.
(B) initiate mechanisms to repair tissue.
(C) destroy and block invasion of microbes.
(D) all of the above. - ANS(D) all of the above
_______ are produced by leukocytes and fibroblasts. It inhibits virus replication and cell
division and increases the action of certain lymphocytes that kill other cells. - ANSInterferons
Monocytes leave the marrow via the bloodstream. As they enter tissues, they mature and
become - ANSmacrophages
Fever - ANSincreases the rapidity of the host immune responses.
Compliment is found in the - ANSplasma
Interferon synthesis - ANSsignals cells nearby to synthesize antiviral proteins
B and T cells provide acquired short-term protection against specific microbes.
True or False - ANSFalse
The body is partitioned into several fluid-filled spaces that are physically separated without
connections to one another. This arrangement makes it difficult for the immune system to
function at its optimum capacity.
True
False - ANSFalse
Fever is a systemic response while inflammation is a localized response.
True
False - ANSTrue
Chills indicate a rapidly decreasing temperature. It means the fever is breaking.
True
False - ANSFalse
Complement is a complex defense system that results, by way of a cascade mechanism, in the
formation of a membrane attack complex that kills cells by creating holes in their
membranes.
True
