BIOL 2460 NURSING MICROBIOLOGY Exam #1 Review – Tagged PDF 2025 NEW UPDATE
PREP The University of Texas at Arlington
BIOL 2460 Exam #1 Review -
Tagge d.pdf
The Birth of Microbiology
Miasma Theory: The belief that diseases were caused by bad air or
"miasma" (ancient times).
Leprosy in the Bible: Early recognition of infectious diseases, mentio
ned in the Bible (Leviticus 13:45-46).
Roman Sewage System: Early sanitation efforts, demonstrating an u
nderstanding of disease transmission (Chapter 1).
Key Figures in Microbiology
Hippocrates (460-370 BC): "Father of Western Medicine," proposed t
hat diseases were not caused by supernatural forces but by natural
causes.
Thucydides (460-395 BC): "Father of Scientific History," observed th
at survivors of the Athenian plague were immune to subsequent infe
, ctions, suggesting the concept of immunity.
Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC): Suggested that minute animal
s in swamps could cause disease, foreshadowing the germ theory.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): "Father of Microbiology," obs
erved "animalcules" (microorganisms) using his self-made microsc
opes, revolutionizing our understanding of the microbial world.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Discovered the role of microbes in ferme
ntation and spoilage, developed pasteurization, and provided stron
g evidence against spontaneous generation.
Robert Koch (1843-1910): Established a link between specific pathog
ens and diseases, developing Koch's postulates to prove causality.
Taxonomy: Classifying the Microbia
l World
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): Developed the system of binomial no
menclature and the hierarchical classification system (Kingdom, Ph
ylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919): Proposed a four-kingdom system, addin
g Protista and Monera to the existing kingdoms.
, Robert Whittaker (1920-1980): Proposed a five-kingdom system, ad
ding Fungi as a separate kingdom.
Carl Woese (1928-1912) & George Fox (1945-): Used molecular tech
niques (rRNA analysis) to establish the three-domain system (Bacte
ria, Archaea, Eukarya).
Microbial Classification: Challenges
and Tools
Difficulties in Classifying Microbes: Microbes are diverse and often
share similar characteristics, making classification challenging.
Strains of Species: Variations within a species, often due to genetic
differences, are called strains.
Bergey's Manuals (2): Comprehensive reference books for bacterial
classification, providing detailed information on bacterial characteri
stics and identification.
Binomial Nomenclature: A two-part naming system for organisms,
consisting of the genus and species names (e.g., Escherichia coli).
Microbes: A Diverse World
Various Sizes and Types of Microbes: Microbes come in various sha
pes and sizes, including viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, and archae
a.
Characteristics and Types of Microbes: Microbes can be classified
based on their cellular structure (cellular vs. acellular), their genetic
organization (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), and their morphology (co
mmon shapes).
Cellular vs. Acellular: Cellular organisms have a cell membrane, wh
ile acellular organisms lack a cell membrane (e.g., viruses).
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and me
mbrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and m
embrane-bound organelles.
Common Shapes: Bacteria exhibit various shapes, including cocci
(spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
Properties of Light: The Foundation o
f Microscopy
Wavelength, Amplitude, Frequency: Light is an electromagnetic wa
ve characterized by its wavelength, amplitude, and frequency.
Energy of Waves: The energy of light waves is inversely proportional
to their wavelength.
PREP The University of Texas at Arlington
BIOL 2460 Exam #1 Review -
Tagge d.pdf
The Birth of Microbiology
Miasma Theory: The belief that diseases were caused by bad air or
"miasma" (ancient times).
Leprosy in the Bible: Early recognition of infectious diseases, mentio
ned in the Bible (Leviticus 13:45-46).
Roman Sewage System: Early sanitation efforts, demonstrating an u
nderstanding of disease transmission (Chapter 1).
Key Figures in Microbiology
Hippocrates (460-370 BC): "Father of Western Medicine," proposed t
hat diseases were not caused by supernatural forces but by natural
causes.
Thucydides (460-395 BC): "Father of Scientific History," observed th
at survivors of the Athenian plague were immune to subsequent infe
, ctions, suggesting the concept of immunity.
Marcus Terentius Varro (116-27 BC): Suggested that minute animal
s in swamps could cause disease, foreshadowing the germ theory.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723): "Father of Microbiology," obs
erved "animalcules" (microorganisms) using his self-made microsc
opes, revolutionizing our understanding of the microbial world.
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895): Discovered the role of microbes in ferme
ntation and spoilage, developed pasteurization, and provided stron
g evidence against spontaneous generation.
Robert Koch (1843-1910): Established a link between specific pathog
ens and diseases, developing Koch's postulates to prove causality.
Taxonomy: Classifying the Microbia
l World
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778): Developed the system of binomial no
menclature and the hierarchical classification system (Kingdom, Ph
ylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919): Proposed a four-kingdom system, addin
g Protista and Monera to the existing kingdoms.
, Robert Whittaker (1920-1980): Proposed a five-kingdom system, ad
ding Fungi as a separate kingdom.
Carl Woese (1928-1912) & George Fox (1945-): Used molecular tech
niques (rRNA analysis) to establish the three-domain system (Bacte
ria, Archaea, Eukarya).
Microbial Classification: Challenges
and Tools
Difficulties in Classifying Microbes: Microbes are diverse and often
share similar characteristics, making classification challenging.
Strains of Species: Variations within a species, often due to genetic
differences, are called strains.
Bergey's Manuals (2): Comprehensive reference books for bacterial
classification, providing detailed information on bacterial characteri
stics and identification.
Binomial Nomenclature: A two-part naming system for organisms,
consisting of the genus and species names (e.g., Escherichia coli).
Microbes: A Diverse World
Various Sizes and Types of Microbes: Microbes come in various sha
pes and sizes, including viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, and archae
a.
Characteristics and Types of Microbes: Microbes can be classified
based on their cellular structure (cellular vs. acellular), their genetic
organization (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), and their morphology (co
mmon shapes).
Cellular vs. Acellular: Cellular organisms have a cell membrane, wh
ile acellular organisms lack a cell membrane (e.g., viruses).
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic: Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and me
mbrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have a nucleus and m
embrane-bound organelles.
Common Shapes: Bacteria exhibit various shapes, including cocci
(spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral).
Properties of Light: The Foundation o
f Microscopy
Wavelength, Amplitude, Frequency: Light is an electromagnetic wa
ve characterized by its wavelength, amplitude, and frequency.
Energy of Waves: The energy of light waves is inversely proportional
to their wavelength.
