NURS 5315: Advanced
Pathophysiology 2025 UTA Exam 1
UPDATED
1.E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
ANS: Atrophy
2.E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of
cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
,ANS: Hyperplasia
3.E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. ak
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the
cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
ANS: Dysplasia
4.E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by strati-
fied squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous
cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia
ANS: Metaplasia
5.E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increase
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
ANS: Hypoxia injury
,6.E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
, P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amy-
otrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ANS: Free radical and ROS
7.E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, in-
flammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
ANS: Ethanol
8.Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, be-
comes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia,
certain infections
ANS : Oncosis
9.Liver and germ cell tumors
ANS: Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
10.GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
ANS: Carcinoembryonic Antigen
11.prostate tumors
ANS: Prostate Specific Antigen
12.from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
f f
Pathophysiology 2025 UTA Exam 1
UPDATED
1.E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Essentially there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles,
reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
ANS: Atrophy
2.E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of
cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or
partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased
hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth
factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or
mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
,ANS: Hyperplasia
3.E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. ak
atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear
breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the
cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
ANS: Dysplasia
4.E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury,
or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a
reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth
factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or
normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by strati-
fied squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous
cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal
metaplasia
ANS: Metaplasia
5.E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increase
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
ANS: Hypoxia injury
,6.E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
, P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amy-
otrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ANS: Free radical and ROS
7.E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, in-
flammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure
irreversible
ANS: Ethanol
8.Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, be-
comes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia,
certain infections
ANS : Oncosis
9.Liver and germ cell tumors
ANS: Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
10.GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
ANS: Carcinoembryonic Antigen
11.prostate tumors
ANS: Prostate Specific Antigen
12.from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma
f f
