,Table of Content n9 n9
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
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Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
n9 n9
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
n9 n9
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
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Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
n9 n9
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
n9 n9
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
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INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
n9 n9
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
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SNT
n9 n9 n 9 n 9 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
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Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
n9 n9
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
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Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
n9 n9
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
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hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
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Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
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Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
n9 n9 n9
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
MULTIPLE CHOICE n9
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
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a. A single circular chromosome
n9 n9 n9
b. A nucleus n9
c. Free-floating nuclear material n9 n9
d. No organelles n9
ANS: B n 9
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
REF: p. 2 n9 n9
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption n9
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D n9
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
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REF: p. 2 n9 n9
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n
of the genetic information be contained?
9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm n9
ANS: C n9
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
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REF: p. 2 n9 n9
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
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Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................. 13
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Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease........................................................................................................................ 23
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
n9 n9
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology .................................................................................................... 27
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Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................... 39
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Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ............................................................................................................................... 60
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Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
logy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
n9 n9
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................ 76
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Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pa
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
thophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................ 81
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Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
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Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
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Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
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ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 94
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Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ogy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 105
n9 n9
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......................... 116
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Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction............. 126
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Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 138
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Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................ 147
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Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation................................................................................................... 156
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Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 169
n9 n9
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................. 176
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
logy, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 192
n9 n9
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Under
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
standing Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................... 200
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Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function .............................................................................................. 210
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
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SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
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U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
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Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
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iology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................... 229
n9 n9
SNT
n9 n9 n 9 n 9 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
logy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 236
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Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function .................................................................................................... 245
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, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
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gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 257
n9 n9
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding P
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
athophysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................... 265
n9 n9
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ogy, 6th Edition ...................................................................................................................................................... 273
n9 n9
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
Pathophysiology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................. 280
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 286
n9 n9
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 295
n9 n9
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ................................................................................... 300
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
gy, 6th Edition......................................................................................................................................................... 305
n9 n9
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ....................................................................................................... 312
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ................................................................................... 325
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
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hysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................. 334
n9 n9
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
n9 n9
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................ 342
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 352
n9 n9
U SN T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
n9 n9
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................... 357
n9 n9
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ......................................................................................... 366
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
n9 n9 n9
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
MULTIPLE CHOICE n9
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled D
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
NA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
a. A single circular chromosome
n9 n9 n9
b. A nucleus n9
c. Free-floating nuclear material n9 n9
d. No organelles n9
ANS: B n 9
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
nucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prok
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
aryote contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
REF: p. 2 n9 n9
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nur
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
se describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to en
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
ergy?
a. Metabolic absorption n9
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D n9
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability in
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
volves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secre
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
tion allows for the synthesizing of new substances.
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
REF: p. 2 n9 n9
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n
of the genetic information be contained?
9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm n9
ANS: C n9
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonuclei
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
c acid, most of the DNA, and DNA-
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
is associated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufact
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
uring. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9 n9
REF: p. 2 n9 n9
