NRS 232 Pathophysiology OA Exam
Questions with Correct Answers
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What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER ✓ Book Definition: "Pathology is the study
and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily
fluids. Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the
study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
An immobile patient is repositioned every 2 hours primarily to prevent which one
of the following pathological processes?
A. Atrophy of lower extremities
B. Fluid retention of lower extremities
C. Ischemia of skin tissues
D. Urine retention - ANSWER ✓ C. Ischemia of skin tissues
Ms. H. has a history of untreated hypertension. What compensatory response is
most likely?
A. Atherosclerosis of aorta
B. Atrophy of left ventricle
C. Hypertrophy of left ventricle
D. Hyperplasia of left ventricle
E. Metaplasia of left ventricle - ANSWER ✓ C. Hypertrophy of left ventricle
A.Z. trains in Flagstaff since it has a very high altitude and his friends have
improved their endurance cycling after training there. How does his body adapt to
the decreased oxygen with high altitude?
A. Atrophy of RBC
B. Hypertrophy of RBC
C. Hyperplasia of RBC
D. Metaplasia of RBC
,E. Dysplasia of RBC - ANSWER ✓ C. Hyperplasia of RBC
Which of your patients should you anticipate to have neutropenic precautions?
A. Ms. A who is being treated for an infection.
B. Ms. B who is being treated for dependent edema.
C. Ms. C who is being treated for lung cancer.
D. Ms. D who is being treated for a broken wrist. - ANSWER ✓ C. Ms. C who is
being treated for lung cancer.
G. H. burned his arm while cooking dinner on the grill yesterday. It is a bit
swollen around the burn, and painful. What contributes to these symptoms? Select
all that apply.
A. Release of cytokines in the area
B. Vasodilation of nearby vessels
C. Increased permeability of nearby vessels
D. Increased neutrophils in the area
E. Decreased oncotic pressure in nearby vessels - ANSWER ✓ A. Release of
cytokines in the area
B. Vasodilation of nearby vessels
C. Increased permeability of nearby vessels
D. Increased neutrophils in the area
Mr. H. had a myocardial infarct that affected his right ventricle. Why should you
assess for dependent edema?
A. Decreased oncotic pressure results in edema
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure results in edema
C. Impaired lymphatic drainage results in edema
D. Impaired liver function results in edema - ANSWER ✓ B. Increased hydrostatic
pressure results in edema
Which of the following trigger the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney to release
renin?
A. Increased aldosterone
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Increased renal blood flow
D. Decreased renal blood flow
E. None of the above
F. All of the above - ANSWER ✓ D. Decreased renal blood flow
,What is the effect of elevated aldosterone on fluid balance?
A. Water moves from kidney tubules into blood causing hyponatremia
B. Na+ and water move from kidney tubules into blood increasing ECV
C. Na+ moves from kidney tubules into blood causing hypernatremia
D. Water moves from kidney tubules into blood increasing ECV
E. Na+ and water move from kidney tubules into blood causing hypernatremia -
ANSWER ✓ B. Na+ and water move from kidney tubules into blood increasing
ECV
P.T., age 28, had pituitary surgery yesterday to remove a benign tumor. He reports
having to "pee" constantly, and is very, very thirsty. Given this history, why should
you assess P.T. for confusion
A. If not enough ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
swell
B. If not enough ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
shrink
C. If too much ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
swell
D. If too much ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
shrink - ANSWER ✓ B. If not enough ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases
and brain cells could shrink
Your client who has heart failure and takes a potassium-wasting diuretic, is in
clinic and reports shortness of breath and difficulty getting out a chair. You suspect
hypokalemia. Select the correct explanation of the association of hypokalemia with
muscle weakness.
A. K+ is more likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell further from threshold
for an AP.
B. K+ is more likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell closer to threshold for
an AP.
C. K+ is less likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell further from threshold
for an AP.
D. K+ is less likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell closer to threshold for an
AP. - ANSWER ✓ A. K+ is more likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell
further from threshold for an AP.
Your client had thyroid surgery yesterday to remove a tumor. She tells you that it
seems weird that her lips are tingling. Which is your best response and why?
, A. Check her K+ serum levels and notify the provider as this is a risk for cardiac
arrest.
B. Check her urine output as oliguria can lead to hyperkalemia and her symptoms.
C. Check her Ca2+ serum levels and notify the provider as this is a risk for
laryngospasm.
D. Check her urine output as oliguria can lead to hypercalcemia and her symptoms.
- ANSWER ✓ C. Check her Ca2+ serum levels and notify the provider as this is a
risk for laryngospasm.
A client with renal insufficiency has a magnesium level of 3.5 mEq/L (1.75
mmol/L) (High). On the basis of this laboratory result, the nurse interprets which
sign as significant?
A. Tachypnea
B. Drowsiness
C. Hypertension
D. Physical hyperactivity - ANSWER ✓ B. Drowsiness
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and
response to therapy? - ANSWER ✓ Book Definition: "pathogenesis is a
description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and
lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular
disorder or disease."
Knowledge Question: A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn
error of metabolism. Which would be an expected finding? - ANSWER ✓
Metabolite accumulation in the cells
Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? -
ANSWER ✓ Cells dismantle and cell blebs are phagocytized by macrophages.
Which finding indicates that a person has wet gangrene, instead of an infarction,
in a lower extremity wound? - ANSWER ✓ Bacteria in the wound
Somatic death refers to death: - ANSWER ✓ of the entire organism.
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary quite a bit in size and shape, and
with increased mitotic divisions indicates which of the following: - ANSWER ✓
dysplasia.
Questions with Correct Answers
Already Graded A+ Updated
2025/2026 Version||100%
Guaranteed Pass!!!
What is pathophysiology? - ANSWER ✓ Book Definition: "Pathology is the study
and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily
fluids. Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical
functions of living organisms. Together, as pathophysiology, the term refers to the
study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings.
An immobile patient is repositioned every 2 hours primarily to prevent which one
of the following pathological processes?
A. Atrophy of lower extremities
B. Fluid retention of lower extremities
C. Ischemia of skin tissues
D. Urine retention - ANSWER ✓ C. Ischemia of skin tissues
Ms. H. has a history of untreated hypertension. What compensatory response is
most likely?
A. Atherosclerosis of aorta
B. Atrophy of left ventricle
C. Hypertrophy of left ventricle
D. Hyperplasia of left ventricle
E. Metaplasia of left ventricle - ANSWER ✓ C. Hypertrophy of left ventricle
A.Z. trains in Flagstaff since it has a very high altitude and his friends have
improved their endurance cycling after training there. How does his body adapt to
the decreased oxygen with high altitude?
A. Atrophy of RBC
B. Hypertrophy of RBC
C. Hyperplasia of RBC
D. Metaplasia of RBC
,E. Dysplasia of RBC - ANSWER ✓ C. Hyperplasia of RBC
Which of your patients should you anticipate to have neutropenic precautions?
A. Ms. A who is being treated for an infection.
B. Ms. B who is being treated for dependent edema.
C. Ms. C who is being treated for lung cancer.
D. Ms. D who is being treated for a broken wrist. - ANSWER ✓ C. Ms. C who is
being treated for lung cancer.
G. H. burned his arm while cooking dinner on the grill yesterday. It is a bit
swollen around the burn, and painful. What contributes to these symptoms? Select
all that apply.
A. Release of cytokines in the area
B. Vasodilation of nearby vessels
C. Increased permeability of nearby vessels
D. Increased neutrophils in the area
E. Decreased oncotic pressure in nearby vessels - ANSWER ✓ A. Release of
cytokines in the area
B. Vasodilation of nearby vessels
C. Increased permeability of nearby vessels
D. Increased neutrophils in the area
Mr. H. had a myocardial infarct that affected his right ventricle. Why should you
assess for dependent edema?
A. Decreased oncotic pressure results in edema
B. Increased hydrostatic pressure results in edema
C. Impaired lymphatic drainage results in edema
D. Impaired liver function results in edema - ANSWER ✓ B. Increased hydrostatic
pressure results in edema
Which of the following trigger the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney to release
renin?
A. Increased aldosterone
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Increased renal blood flow
D. Decreased renal blood flow
E. None of the above
F. All of the above - ANSWER ✓ D. Decreased renal blood flow
,What is the effect of elevated aldosterone on fluid balance?
A. Water moves from kidney tubules into blood causing hyponatremia
B. Na+ and water move from kidney tubules into blood increasing ECV
C. Na+ moves from kidney tubules into blood causing hypernatremia
D. Water moves from kidney tubules into blood increasing ECV
E. Na+ and water move from kidney tubules into blood causing hypernatremia -
ANSWER ✓ B. Na+ and water move from kidney tubules into blood increasing
ECV
P.T., age 28, had pituitary surgery yesterday to remove a benign tumor. He reports
having to "pee" constantly, and is very, very thirsty. Given this history, why should
you assess P.T. for confusion
A. If not enough ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
swell
B. If not enough ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
shrink
C. If too much ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
swell
D. If too much ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases and brain cells could
shrink - ANSWER ✓ B. If not enough ADH secreted, then serum Na+ increases
and brain cells could shrink
Your client who has heart failure and takes a potassium-wasting diuretic, is in
clinic and reports shortness of breath and difficulty getting out a chair. You suspect
hypokalemia. Select the correct explanation of the association of hypokalemia with
muscle weakness.
A. K+ is more likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell further from threshold
for an AP.
B. K+ is more likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell closer to threshold for
an AP.
C. K+ is less likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell further from threshold
for an AP.
D. K+ is less likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell closer to threshold for an
AP. - ANSWER ✓ A. K+ is more likely to diffuse out the cell, making the cell
further from threshold for an AP.
Your client had thyroid surgery yesterday to remove a tumor. She tells you that it
seems weird that her lips are tingling. Which is your best response and why?
, A. Check her K+ serum levels and notify the provider as this is a risk for cardiac
arrest.
B. Check her urine output as oliguria can lead to hyperkalemia and her symptoms.
C. Check her Ca2+ serum levels and notify the provider as this is a risk for
laryngospasm.
D. Check her urine output as oliguria can lead to hypercalcemia and her symptoms.
- ANSWER ✓ C. Check her Ca2+ serum levels and notify the provider as this is a
risk for laryngospasm.
A client with renal insufficiency has a magnesium level of 3.5 mEq/L (1.75
mmol/L) (High). On the basis of this laboratory result, the nurse interprets which
sign as significant?
A. Tachypnea
B. Drowsiness
C. Hypertension
D. Physical hyperactivity - ANSWER ✓ B. Drowsiness
How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and
response to therapy? - ANSWER ✓ Book Definition: "pathogenesis is a
description of how etiologic factors are thought to alter physiologic function and
lead to the development of clinical manifestations that are observed in a particular
disorder or disease."
Knowledge Question: A healthcare provider is caring for a person with an inborn
error of metabolism. Which would be an expected finding? - ANSWER ✓
Metabolite accumulation in the cells
Which statement indicates cell death from apoptosis as opposed to necrosis? -
ANSWER ✓ Cells dismantle and cell blebs are phagocytized by macrophages.
Which finding indicates that a person has wet gangrene, instead of an infarction,
in a lower extremity wound? - ANSWER ✓ Bacteria in the wound
Somatic death refers to death: - ANSWER ✓ of the entire organism.
A change in a tissue marked by cells that vary quite a bit in size and shape, and
with increased mitotic divisions indicates which of the following: - ANSWER ✓
dysplasia.
