BST 322 Week 1 Exam with accurate detailed ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
solutions
Define data ||/|\|||
Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
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a fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is the basis for statistical analysis and decision making?
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
data (singular, datum) is the basis for statistical analysis and decision making.
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What is qualitative data? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
non-numeric or narrative in form. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
For example, the transcript of an interview is qualitative data.
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It is frequently used in the behavioral sciences
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What is quanitative data? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
numeric in nature, being composed of numbers or scores. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Examples of quantitative data include blood pressure, weight, age, etc. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
,Many researchers are more comfortable with quantitative data and will, therefore, find a
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
way to transform qualitative data into quantitative. This may take the form of scoring or
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
word counts. ||/|\|||
What is a variable? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
a quantity capable of assuming a set of values.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--It may be thought of as a characteristic or attribute of a person or object that varies within
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a population.
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Examples of variables include body temperature, blood pressure, date of birth, or anything ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
else that can be measured.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is an independent variable? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
the variable that is manipulated within an experiment.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--Independent variables are those assumed to influence the outcome of something. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--It is called independent because it is independent of this outcome.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is a dependent variable? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
, --the outcomes of interest and are assumed to be influenced by independent variables
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Example: Whether or not a subject got cancer (independent variables in this case might
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
include whether or not the subject was a smoker)
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What are discrete variables?
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Discrete variables have a finite number of values between two points.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--Essentially, discrete variables have only integers for values (whole numbers) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Examples of discrete variables include number of children in a household (one cannot have
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
half a child), hospital readmissions, and date of birth.
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What are continuous variables?
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Continuous variables have, in theory, an infinite number of values between two points.||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--Generally, a variable that has decimals or fractions is a continuous variable. Body||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
temperature and pH are continuous variables. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is measurement? ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
solutions
Define data ||/|\|||
Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
a fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is the basis for statistical analysis and decision making?
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
data (singular, datum) is the basis for statistical analysis and decision making.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is qualitative data? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
non-numeric or narrative in form. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
For example, the transcript of an interview is qualitative data.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
It is frequently used in the behavioral sciences
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is quanitative data? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
numeric in nature, being composed of numbers or scores. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Examples of quantitative data include blood pressure, weight, age, etc. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
,Many researchers are more comfortable with quantitative data and will, therefore, find a
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
way to transform qualitative data into quantitative. This may take the form of scoring or
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
word counts. ||/|\|||
What is a variable? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
a quantity capable of assuming a set of values.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--It may be thought of as a characteristic or attribute of a person or object that varies within
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
a population.
||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Examples of variables include body temperature, blood pressure, date of birth, or anything ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
else that can be measured.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is an independent variable? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
the variable that is manipulated within an experiment.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--Independent variables are those assumed to influence the outcome of something. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--It is called independent because it is independent of this outcome.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is a dependent variable? ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
, --the outcomes of interest and are assumed to be influenced by independent variables
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Example: Whether or not a subject got cancer (independent variables in this case might
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
include whether or not the subject was a smoker)
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What are discrete variables?
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Discrete variables have a finite number of values between two points.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--Essentially, discrete variables have only integers for values (whole numbers) ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Examples of discrete variables include number of children in a household (one cannot have
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
half a child), hospital readmissions, and date of birth.
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What are continuous variables?
||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
Continuous variables have, in theory, an infinite number of values between two points.||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
--Generally, a variable that has decimals or fractions is a continuous variable. Body||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
temperature and pH are continuous variables. ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
What is measurement? ||/|\||| ||/|\|||
