BIOLOGY 230 SFSU EXAM TEST BANK QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS (A+ GRADE ACED)
Glucose regulation: The regulation of glucose concentrations in the blood, blood sugar
concentration, is a homeostatic process that's essential for maintaining cellular respiration and
health in general. Two basic processes regulate the level of glucose in your blood. One removes
glucose from your blood, lowering your blood sugar levels. The other releases glucose into your
blood, increasing your blood sugar levels. When two processes operate together efficiently, they
ensure that your blood sugar levels remain within a relatively narrow range around a set point
of about 90 mg/dL of glucose. - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Insulin signaling is essential to the
process that removes glucose from your blood. Pancreatic b cells release insulin as glucose
levels start to rise. Insulin then stimulates cells to insert glucose transporters, GLUT4
transporters, into their cell membranes. The operation of these transporters pulls glucose from
the blood into the cells and stores much of it in the form of glycogen, lowering blood sugar
levels in the process. When glucose levels are too low, pancreatic a cells release glucagon. This
hormone stimulates cells, especially liver cells, to covert the glycogen back into glucose and
release to release that glucose into the circulatory system, increasing blood sugar levels. For the
test, you should be able to do the following
• Explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
• Predict when insulin and glucagon will be released
• Predict the effects that insulin and glucagon will have on blood sugar levels
• Explain how and why diabetes, either Type 1 or Type 2, disrupts the homeostatic regulation of
blood sugar levels
• Explain how high blood sugar levels my impact your health using hemoglobin A1C as an
example - CORRECT ANSWER >>>1. Explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2
diabetes:
- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body doesn't produce insulin, while
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells don't respond
effectively to insulin.
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,2. Predict when insulin and glucagon will be released:
- Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, typically after a meal, whereas glucagon is
released when glucose levels are low, usually between meals or during fasting.
3. Predict the effects that insulin and glucagon will have on blood sugar levels:
- Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon
raises blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen into glucose and releasing it
into the bloodstream.
4. Explain how and why diabetes, either Type 1 or Type 2, disrupts the homeostatic regulation of
blood sugar levels:
- In Type 1 diabetes, the absence of insulin leads to uncontrolled high blood sugar, while in Type
2 diabetes, insulin resistance impairs the normal regulation of glucose levels, resulting in
elevated blood sugar.
5. Explain how high blood sugar levels may impact your health using hemoglobin A1C as an
example:
- Prolonged high blood sugar levels, as reflected by elevated hemoglobin A1C levels, can lead to
complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage, highlighting
the importance of maintaining glucose homeostasis for overall health.
Regulation of blood gasses, oxygen and carbon dioxide: The regulation of blood gasses is
essential for maintaining sufficient oxygen levels in the blood to support cellular respiration. Gas
exchange between atmospheric air and the blood occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen
diffuses down its concentration gradient from the alveoli into the blood by first dissolving in the
fluid coating the inside of the alveoli. It then diffuses across the alveolar walls, the capillary
walls and finally binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It then circulates through the body and
once again diffuses down its concentration in respiring tissues (tissues that are consuming
oxygen). - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Carbon dioxide takes exactly the opposite path. It is at its
highest concentration in respiring tissues. It diffuses down its concentration gradient from
respiring tissues to the blood and then from the blood into the atmospheric air contained in the
alveoli. One thing to note about its transport in the blood is that most carbon dioxide is
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, transported as bicarbonate ion. Water reacts with CO2 to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. One
proton (H+) then dissociates from the carbonic acid to form H+ and bicarbonate ion HCO3-. This
reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The rate at which you inhale is determined by
sensory cells in various tissues of your body, including the brain and certain arteries, that
monitor the pH of the blood plasma. As the pH of your blood decreases, the rate at which you
breathe increases, or least the urge to breathe increases. For the test, you should be able to do
the following:
• Predict how changes in the pH of the blood will affect the urge to breathe or the rate of
breathing
• Explain the relationship between the pH of your blood and the concentration of CO2 in the
blood
• Predict how changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the pH of the blood
• Explain how oxygen entering the body is used by cellular respiration and what molecule it is
incorporated into during respiration
• Explain how the CO2 you breathe out is generated during cellular respiration - CORRECT
ANSWER >>>
From Test #3...
Thinking in Terms of Mass, Thinking in Terms of Energy: Can energy or mass be destroyed? -
CORRECT ANSWER >>>energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted/transformed
from one form to another.
Can see energy be converted to mass? Mass to energy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>1)Yes, during
photosynthesis (makes glucose)2)Yes, through cellular respiration
What does it mean to transform energy between different forms (ex. sunlight into chemical
energy)? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Photosynthesis, Sunlight is transformed into chemical energy
stored in glucose.. like light reaction and Calvin cycle
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CORRECT ANSWERS (A+ GRADE ACED)
Glucose regulation: The regulation of glucose concentrations in the blood, blood sugar
concentration, is a homeostatic process that's essential for maintaining cellular respiration and
health in general. Two basic processes regulate the level of glucose in your blood. One removes
glucose from your blood, lowering your blood sugar levels. The other releases glucose into your
blood, increasing your blood sugar levels. When two processes operate together efficiently, they
ensure that your blood sugar levels remain within a relatively narrow range around a set point
of about 90 mg/dL of glucose. - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Insulin signaling is essential to the
process that removes glucose from your blood. Pancreatic b cells release insulin as glucose
levels start to rise. Insulin then stimulates cells to insert glucose transporters, GLUT4
transporters, into their cell membranes. The operation of these transporters pulls glucose from
the blood into the cells and stores much of it in the form of glycogen, lowering blood sugar
levels in the process. When glucose levels are too low, pancreatic a cells release glucagon. This
hormone stimulates cells, especially liver cells, to covert the glycogen back into glucose and
release to release that glucose into the circulatory system, increasing blood sugar levels. For the
test, you should be able to do the following
• Explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
• Predict when insulin and glucagon will be released
• Predict the effects that insulin and glucagon will have on blood sugar levels
• Explain how and why diabetes, either Type 1 or Type 2, disrupts the homeostatic regulation of
blood sugar levels
• Explain how high blood sugar levels my impact your health using hemoglobin A1C as an
example - CORRECT ANSWER >>>1. Explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2
diabetes:
- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body doesn't produce insulin, while
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells don't respond
effectively to insulin.
1|Page
,2. Predict when insulin and glucagon will be released:
- Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise, typically after a meal, whereas glucagon is
released when glucose levels are low, usually between meals or during fasting.
3. Predict the effects that insulin and glucagon will have on blood sugar levels:
- Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, while glucagon
raises blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen into glucose and releasing it
into the bloodstream.
4. Explain how and why diabetes, either Type 1 or Type 2, disrupts the homeostatic regulation of
blood sugar levels:
- In Type 1 diabetes, the absence of insulin leads to uncontrolled high blood sugar, while in Type
2 diabetes, insulin resistance impairs the normal regulation of glucose levels, resulting in
elevated blood sugar.
5. Explain how high blood sugar levels may impact your health using hemoglobin A1C as an
example:
- Prolonged high blood sugar levels, as reflected by elevated hemoglobin A1C levels, can lead to
complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage, highlighting
the importance of maintaining glucose homeostasis for overall health.
Regulation of blood gasses, oxygen and carbon dioxide: The regulation of blood gasses is
essential for maintaining sufficient oxygen levels in the blood to support cellular respiration. Gas
exchange between atmospheric air and the blood occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen
diffuses down its concentration gradient from the alveoli into the blood by first dissolving in the
fluid coating the inside of the alveoli. It then diffuses across the alveolar walls, the capillary
walls and finally binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. It then circulates through the body and
once again diffuses down its concentration in respiring tissues (tissues that are consuming
oxygen). - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Carbon dioxide takes exactly the opposite path. It is at its
highest concentration in respiring tissues. It diffuses down its concentration gradient from
respiring tissues to the blood and then from the blood into the atmospheric air contained in the
alveoli. One thing to note about its transport in the blood is that most carbon dioxide is
2|Page
, transported as bicarbonate ion. Water reacts with CO2 to form carbonic acid, H2CO3. One
proton (H+) then dissociates from the carbonic acid to form H+ and bicarbonate ion HCO3-. This
reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. The rate at which you inhale is determined by
sensory cells in various tissues of your body, including the brain and certain arteries, that
monitor the pH of the blood plasma. As the pH of your blood decreases, the rate at which you
breathe increases, or least the urge to breathe increases. For the test, you should be able to do
the following:
• Predict how changes in the pH of the blood will affect the urge to breathe or the rate of
breathing
• Explain the relationship between the pH of your blood and the concentration of CO2 in the
blood
• Predict how changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the pH of the blood
• Explain how oxygen entering the body is used by cellular respiration and what molecule it is
incorporated into during respiration
• Explain how the CO2 you breathe out is generated during cellular respiration - CORRECT
ANSWER >>>
From Test #3...
Thinking in Terms of Mass, Thinking in Terms of Energy: Can energy or mass be destroyed? -
CORRECT ANSWER >>>energy cannot be created or destroyed but only converted/transformed
from one form to another.
Can see energy be converted to mass? Mass to energy? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>1)Yes, during
photosynthesis (makes glucose)2)Yes, through cellular respiration
What does it mean to transform energy between different forms (ex. sunlight into chemical
energy)? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>Photosynthesis, Sunlight is transformed into chemical energy
stored in glucose.. like light reaction and Calvin cycle
3|Page
