NUR631 FINAL EXAM: ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT | LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
1. Urinary tract infection clinical manifestations: Confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort
2. Pyelonephritis causative organism: Bacteria
3. Symptoms indicating glomerulonephritis: Hematuria with red blood cell casts
and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day with albumin as the major protein
4. Treatment of hyperkalemia with glucose and insulin: When insulin transports
glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it
5. Correction of chronic anemia in chronic renal failure: Erythropoietin
6. Damaging factors in glomerulonephritis: Activated complement
7. Damaging factors in glomerulonephritis: Altered membrane permeability
8. Symptoms of urinary tract infection in older adults: Older adults with cystitis
may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymp-
tomatic
9. Common bacteria causing pyelonephritis: Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas
10. Major changes in severe glomerulonephritis: Hematuria with red blood cell
casts and proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/day with albumin as the major protein
11. Osmotic effect of glucose in hyperkalemia treatment: Glucose has an os-
motic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood and a
lower potassium concentration
12. Insulin's role in potassium movement: Insulin infusions can be effective in
shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space
13. Chronic renal failure anemia treatment: Erythropoietin is used to correct the
chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure
14. Ischemia in glomerulonephritis: Ischemia can damage epithelial cells result-
ing in proteinuria
15. Lysosomal enzymes in glomerulonephritis: Lysosomal enzymes can dam-
age epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria
16. Compression from edema in glomerulonephritis: Compression from edema
can damage epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria
17. Altered membrane permeability: Activated complement, inflammatory cy-
tokines, oxidants, proteases, and growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter mem-
brane permeability, and cause proteinuria.
18. Prerenal injury from poor perfusion: Can result from renal vasoconstriction,
,renal artery thrombosis, hemorrhage, and hypotension.
19. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: Inflammation is initiated by im-
mune complexes.
20. IgG nephropathies: In glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in the glomerulus
basement membranes.
, 21. Intussusception: Causes intestinal obstruction by telescoping of part of the
intestine into another section, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply.
22. Postoperative clinical manifestations: Increased pulse, hypotension, weak-
ness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness can result from postoperative hemorrhage.
23. Dumping syndrome: Occurs with varying severity in 5% to 10% of individuals
who have undergone partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, characterized by rapid
gastric emptying and a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine.
24. Meconium ileus: An intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero
that is abnormally sticky and adheres firmly to the mucosa of the small intestine,
resisting passage beyond the terminal ileum.
25. Cystic fibrosis: A medical diagnosis often associated with meconium ileus,
where the detection of albumin in meconium has been used as a screening test.
26. Congenital aganglionic megacolon: Also known as Hirschsprung disease,
involves inadequate motility of the colon caused by neural malformation of the
parasympathetic nervous system.
27. Intussusception: An intestinal obstruction caused by the invagination of the
ileum into the cecum and part of the ascending colon by collapsing through the
ileocecal valve.
28. Symptoms of dumping syndrome: Includes increased pulse rate, hypoten-
sion, weakness, pallor, sweating, dizziness, epigastric fullness, cramping, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea.
29. Mechanism of dumping syndrome: Rapid gastric emptying and the creation
of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine, causing a sudden shift of fluid from
the vascular compartment to the intestinal lumen.
30. Neural malformation in Hirschsprung disease: Involves inadequate motility
of the colon due to a malformation related only to the parasympathetic nervous
system.
31. Currant jelly stool: A type of stool passed by an infant that can indicate
intussusception, often following a normal stool.
32. Symptoms of intussusception: Includes sudden abdominal pain, irritability
(colicky behavior), drawing up of knees, and vomiting.
33. Rationale for meconium ileus: The cause is usually a lack of digestive en-
zymes during fetal life.
34. Rationale for intussusception: The ileum invaginates the cecum and part of
the ascending colon by collapsing through the ileocecal valve.
35. Rationale for congenital aganglionic megacolon: Caused by neural malfor-
mation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
36. Rationale for cystic fibrosis association: The detection of albumin in meco-
nium has been used as a screening test.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT | LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026
1. Urinary tract infection clinical manifestations: Confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort
2. Pyelonephritis causative organism: Bacteria
3. Symptoms indicating glomerulonephritis: Hematuria with red blood cell casts
and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day with albumin as the major protein
4. Treatment of hyperkalemia with glucose and insulin: When insulin transports
glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it
5. Correction of chronic anemia in chronic renal failure: Erythropoietin
6. Damaging factors in glomerulonephritis: Activated complement
7. Damaging factors in glomerulonephritis: Altered membrane permeability
8. Symptoms of urinary tract infection in older adults: Older adults with cystitis
may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal discomfort or otherwise be asymp-
tomatic
9. Common bacteria causing pyelonephritis: Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas
10. Major changes in severe glomerulonephritis: Hematuria with red blood cell
casts and proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/day with albumin as the major protein
11. Osmotic effect of glucose in hyperkalemia treatment: Glucose has an os-
motic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood and a
lower potassium concentration
12. Insulin's role in potassium movement: Insulin infusions can be effective in
shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space
13. Chronic renal failure anemia treatment: Erythropoietin is used to correct the
chronic anemia associated with chronic renal failure
14. Ischemia in glomerulonephritis: Ischemia can damage epithelial cells result-
ing in proteinuria
15. Lysosomal enzymes in glomerulonephritis: Lysosomal enzymes can dam-
age epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria
16. Compression from edema in glomerulonephritis: Compression from edema
can damage epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria
17. Altered membrane permeability: Activated complement, inflammatory cy-
tokines, oxidants, proteases, and growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter mem-
brane permeability, and cause proteinuria.
18. Prerenal injury from poor perfusion: Can result from renal vasoconstriction,
,renal artery thrombosis, hemorrhage, and hypotension.
19. Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis: Inflammation is initiated by im-
mune complexes.
20. IgG nephropathies: In glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in the glomerulus
basement membranes.
, 21. Intussusception: Causes intestinal obstruction by telescoping of part of the
intestine into another section, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply.
22. Postoperative clinical manifestations: Increased pulse, hypotension, weak-
ness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness can result from postoperative hemorrhage.
23. Dumping syndrome: Occurs with varying severity in 5% to 10% of individuals
who have undergone partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, characterized by rapid
gastric emptying and a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine.
24. Meconium ileus: An intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero
that is abnormally sticky and adheres firmly to the mucosa of the small intestine,
resisting passage beyond the terminal ileum.
25. Cystic fibrosis: A medical diagnosis often associated with meconium ileus,
where the detection of albumin in meconium has been used as a screening test.
26. Congenital aganglionic megacolon: Also known as Hirschsprung disease,
involves inadequate motility of the colon caused by neural malformation of the
parasympathetic nervous system.
27. Intussusception: An intestinal obstruction caused by the invagination of the
ileum into the cecum and part of the ascending colon by collapsing through the
ileocecal valve.
28. Symptoms of dumping syndrome: Includes increased pulse rate, hypoten-
sion, weakness, pallor, sweating, dizziness, epigastric fullness, cramping, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea.
29. Mechanism of dumping syndrome: Rapid gastric emptying and the creation
of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine, causing a sudden shift of fluid from
the vascular compartment to the intestinal lumen.
30. Neural malformation in Hirschsprung disease: Involves inadequate motility
of the colon due to a malformation related only to the parasympathetic nervous
system.
31. Currant jelly stool: A type of stool passed by an infant that can indicate
intussusception, often following a normal stool.
32. Symptoms of intussusception: Includes sudden abdominal pain, irritability
(colicky behavior), drawing up of knees, and vomiting.
33. Rationale for meconium ileus: The cause is usually a lack of digestive en-
zymes during fetal life.
34. Rationale for intussusception: The ileum invaginates the cecum and part of
the ascending colon by collapsing through the ileocecal valve.
35. Rationale for congenital aganglionic megacolon: Caused by neural malfor-
mation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
36. Rationale for cystic fibrosis association: The detection of albumin in meco-
nium has been used as a screening test.
