Chapter 12: Nutrition
Cultural Background and Dietary Considerations
Buddhism: Adheres to a vegetarian diet, avoiding meat,
alcohol, and pungent spices. This reflects the principle of
non-violence towards living beings.
Hinduism: Generally favors lacto-vegetarianism,
prohibiting alcohol, garlic, onion, and spicy foods. This
dietary practice is linked to the belief in purity and the
impact of food on karma.
Orthodox Judaism: Observes dietary laws (Kashrut)
prohibiting pork and shellfish, and separating dairy from
meat. Food and drink restrictions are also observed during
Yom Kippur, emphasizing spiritual reflection.
Developmental Considerations
Infants: Typically lose weight after birth but should double
their birth weight by 4 months and triple it by 1 year. This
rapid growth necessitates a nutrient-rich diet.
Adolescents: Experience rapid physical growth due to
hormonal changes, requiring increased protein and caloric
intake to support development.
Pregnancy and Lactation: Increased needs for iron, folate,
and zinc to support fetal development and maternal health.
, Aging Adults: At risk for both over- and under-nutrition
due to cognitive decline and economic factors,
necessitating tailored nutritional assessments.
Types of Nutritional Assessment
Nutrition Screening: A quick assessment involving weight
history, routine labs, and dietary information to identify
nutritional risk conditions.
Comprehensive Nutritional Assessment: Conducted for
individuals identified at risk during screening, involving
detailed dietary and health history.
24-Hour Recall: A method where individuals recall
everything consumed in the past day, providing insight into
dietary habits.
Food Diaries: Involves recording all food intake over three
days, offering a more comprehensive view of dietary
patterns.
Direct Observation: Observing the eating process can
reveal issues not captured in interviews or self-reports.
Chapter 14: Head, Face, Neck, and Regional Lymphatics
Expected Findings
Head: Should be normocephalic with normal bone
protrusions and no tenderness. Palpation of the temporal
artery and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) should be
performed to assess for crepitation or tenderness.