Nr565 final exam QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
What is significant about the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? - ✔✔It is where the least
blood flow occurs, rhe most damage occurs in the PCT when ischemia happens What
enzyme is obtained from the kidney? - ✔✔Erythropoieten angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE) is made where? What does it do? - ✔✔It is made in the lungs; to activate angiotensin
1 in the kidneys. What is most important for the filtration process? - ✔✔Blood hydrostatic
pressure What are the functions of the kidney? - ✔✔Sodium/water removal, waste
removal, hormone production What is acute renal failure? - ✔✔sudden loss of kidney
function due to an illness, Injury, drug, Or toxin that stresses the kidneys. ARF can be
reversible What is chronic Renal failure? - ✔✔A long slow process where the kidney looses
its ability to function, it occurs in different stages What is end stage renal disease? -
✔✔Irreversible loss of kidney function What are the types of ARF? - ✔✔Prerenal,
intravenal, post renal What is the most common cause of ARF? - ✔✔Pre renal What
happens when pre Renal is not treated? - ✔✔It can turn into intrinsic/ intrarenal and
damage inside What is pre-renal failure? - ✔✔When the damage is before the kidneys due
to decreased blood flow from volume depletion or hypoperfusion Give examples of volume
depletion and hypoperfusion - ✔✔Too many diuretics, vomiting and diarrhea, hemorrhage;
Decreased cardiac output due to hf and artheroschlerosis Explain pathophysiology of pre
renal failure - ✔✔Decreased blood flow means decreased GFR, decreased GFR means
decreased renal blood flow, then decreased GFR activates RAAS. Angiotensin secretes
aldosterone which increases BP volume If creatinine is elevated.... - ✔✔GFR is decreased
What is intra Renal failure? - ✔✔Its the damage that has occurred inside the kidney due to:
->Glomerulonephritis ->Rhabdomylosis ->Contrast dye ->Drugs/meds ->HTN
(uncontrolled HTN) ->DM TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME What is the most common intra Renal
failure? - ✔✔Tubular What is post-renal failure? - ✔✔Obstruction located after the
kidneys, most often a consequence from urinary obstruction examples of post renal
failure? - ✔✔BPH, Kidney stones Bladder stones Obstructed catheter Tumors/ cancer
( bladder, ureters, prostate) What is used to diagnose polynephritis? And complicated
polynephritis? - ✔✔Urine culture, urinalysis, signs and symptoms; Urinary tract imaging
and blood cultures (if patient is not doing well) What can indicate polynephritis. In a
urinalysis? - ✔✔WBC casts indicate polynephritis but not always present in the UA Renal
calculi is what kind of acute Renal failure? - ✔✔Post Renal failure What are the goals of
treatment for Renal calculi? - ✔✔Pain management Promote passage of the stone Reduce
What is significant about the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? - ✔✔It is where the least
blood flow occurs, rhe most damage occurs in the PCT when ischemia happens What
enzyme is obtained from the kidney? - ✔✔Erythropoieten angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE) is made where? What does it do? - ✔✔It is made in the lungs; to activate angiotensin
1 in the kidneys. What is most important for the filtration process? - ✔✔Blood hydrostatic
pressure What are the functions of the kidney? - ✔✔Sodium/water removal, waste
removal, hormone production What is acute renal failure? - ✔✔sudden loss of kidney
function due to an illness, Injury, drug, Or toxin that stresses the kidneys. ARF can be
reversible What is chronic Renal failure? - ✔✔A long slow process where the kidney looses
its ability to function, it occurs in different stages What is end stage renal disease? -
✔✔Irreversible loss of kidney function What are the types of ARF? - ✔✔Prerenal,
intravenal, post renal What is the most common cause of ARF? - ✔✔Pre renal What
happens when pre Renal is not treated? - ✔✔It can turn into intrinsic/ intrarenal and
damage inside What is pre-renal failure? - ✔✔When the damage is before the kidneys due
to decreased blood flow from volume depletion or hypoperfusion Give examples of volume
depletion and hypoperfusion - ✔✔Too many diuretics, vomiting and diarrhea, hemorrhage;
Decreased cardiac output due to hf and artheroschlerosis Explain pathophysiology of pre
renal failure - ✔✔Decreased blood flow means decreased GFR, decreased GFR means
decreased renal blood flow, then decreased GFR activates RAAS. Angiotensin secretes
aldosterone which increases BP volume If creatinine is elevated.... - ✔✔GFR is decreased
What is intra Renal failure? - ✔✔Its the damage that has occurred inside the kidney due to:
->Glomerulonephritis ->Rhabdomylosis ->Contrast dye ->Drugs/meds ->HTN
(uncontrolled HTN) ->DM TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME What is the most common intra Renal
failure? - ✔✔Tubular What is post-renal failure? - ✔✔Obstruction located after the
kidneys, most often a consequence from urinary obstruction examples of post renal
failure? - ✔✔BPH, Kidney stones Bladder stones Obstructed catheter Tumors/ cancer
( bladder, ureters, prostate) What is used to diagnose polynephritis? And complicated
polynephritis? - ✔✔Urine culture, urinalysis, signs and symptoms; Urinary tract imaging
and blood cultures (if patient is not doing well) What can indicate polynephritis. In a
urinalysis? - ✔✔WBC casts indicate polynephritis but not always present in the UA Renal
calculi is what kind of acute Renal failure? - ✔✔Post Renal failure What are the goals of
treatment for Renal calculi? - ✔✔Pain management Promote passage of the stone Reduce
