BIOLOGY 181 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Hydrophobic Interaction - ✔✔Interaction of non polar substances in the presence of
of polar substance
✔✔van der Waals interaction - ✔✔Interaction of elections of non polar substances
✔✔Nonpolar Covalant Bonds - ✔✔Shared electrons count as part of each atoms
valence shell
✔✔Polar Covalent Bonds - ✔✔Produce partial charges on atoms.
✔✔Polar Molecules - ✔✔Have asymmetric distribution of charge
✔✔Nonpolar Molecules - ✔✔have no permanent charge difference between their parts
✔✔H2O is important... - ✔✔High specific heat and high heat of vaporization
✔✔Hydrophillic - ✔✔Water loving- H0 bonding makes it possile for almost any charged
or polar substance to dissolve in water
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔Water fearing- Water interacts with itself (encapsulating effect)
✔✔Hydrophobic Interactions - ✔✔weak interactions between non polar molecules when
exposed to a polar solvent
✔✔van der Waals interactions - ✔✔weak, non specific forces created when two atoms
come close together
✔✔Mole... - ✔✔6.022*10^23
✔✔PH equation.. - ✔✔-log[H+]
✔✔A buffer is... - ✔✔weak acid and base thatt keeps counts PH which is important for
normal cellular function
✔✔Spontaneous reactions result in - ✔✔entropy (disorder), products with lower
potential energy, or both
✔✔Entropy increases in... - ✔✔closed system (2nd law of threadynamics)
✔✔Energy is... - ✔✔Capacity to do work or supply heat
, ✔✔Thermal energy is - ✔✔kinetic energy of molecular motion
✔✔Energy of the early earth - ✔✔Kinetic- lots of heat, radiation, and lightning storms
Potential- The bonds of small molecules
✔✔Prebiotic Earth - ✔✔Surface- High radiation, lightning storms probably common,
atmosphere abundant with volcanic gases (CO, CO2)
Underwater-Less radiation, dissolved gasses, hydrothermal vents and vent minerals
✔✔Origins of life hypotheses - ✔✔-Life could have originated on earth once
-Life could have originated on Earth multiple times
-Life or its components could have originated elsewhere and then traveled here
(panspermia)
✔✔Miller-Urey prebiotic synthesis experiment - ✔✔Organic molecules can be
synthesized abiotically under conditions that might have existed on the early Earth.
✔✔Life on earth began... - ✔✔3.8-4 billion years ago
✔✔Structure-function relationship.. - ✔✔The functions of macromolecules are directly
related to their 3D shapes which in turn result from the sequences and chemical
properties of their monomers
✔✔Four major classes of macromolecules... - ✔✔Polypeptides, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, lipids
✔✔Amino Acids are made of.. - ✔✔Amino Group, Side Chain, Carboxyl
✔✔Amino Acids are linked together by... - ✔✔Peptide Bonds
✔✔Primary Structure... - ✔✔The sequence of amino acids in polypeptides
-Stabilized by peptide bonds
✔✔Secondary Structure... - ✔✔Formation of a-helices and B-pleated sheets in a
polypeptide
-Stabilized by Hydrogen bonds
✔✔Tertiary Structure... - ✔✔Overall three-demensional shape of a polypeptide
-Stabilized by bonds and other interactions between R-groups
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Hydrophobic Interaction - ✔✔Interaction of non polar substances in the presence of
of polar substance
✔✔van der Waals interaction - ✔✔Interaction of elections of non polar substances
✔✔Nonpolar Covalant Bonds - ✔✔Shared electrons count as part of each atoms
valence shell
✔✔Polar Covalent Bonds - ✔✔Produce partial charges on atoms.
✔✔Polar Molecules - ✔✔Have asymmetric distribution of charge
✔✔Nonpolar Molecules - ✔✔have no permanent charge difference between their parts
✔✔H2O is important... - ✔✔High specific heat and high heat of vaporization
✔✔Hydrophillic - ✔✔Water loving- H0 bonding makes it possile for almost any charged
or polar substance to dissolve in water
✔✔Hydrophobic - ✔✔Water fearing- Water interacts with itself (encapsulating effect)
✔✔Hydrophobic Interactions - ✔✔weak interactions between non polar molecules when
exposed to a polar solvent
✔✔van der Waals interactions - ✔✔weak, non specific forces created when two atoms
come close together
✔✔Mole... - ✔✔6.022*10^23
✔✔PH equation.. - ✔✔-log[H+]
✔✔A buffer is... - ✔✔weak acid and base thatt keeps counts PH which is important for
normal cellular function
✔✔Spontaneous reactions result in - ✔✔entropy (disorder), products with lower
potential energy, or both
✔✔Entropy increases in... - ✔✔closed system (2nd law of threadynamics)
✔✔Energy is... - ✔✔Capacity to do work or supply heat
, ✔✔Thermal energy is - ✔✔kinetic energy of molecular motion
✔✔Energy of the early earth - ✔✔Kinetic- lots of heat, radiation, and lightning storms
Potential- The bonds of small molecules
✔✔Prebiotic Earth - ✔✔Surface- High radiation, lightning storms probably common,
atmosphere abundant with volcanic gases (CO, CO2)
Underwater-Less radiation, dissolved gasses, hydrothermal vents and vent minerals
✔✔Origins of life hypotheses - ✔✔-Life could have originated on earth once
-Life could have originated on Earth multiple times
-Life or its components could have originated elsewhere and then traveled here
(panspermia)
✔✔Miller-Urey prebiotic synthesis experiment - ✔✔Organic molecules can be
synthesized abiotically under conditions that might have existed on the early Earth.
✔✔Life on earth began... - ✔✔3.8-4 billion years ago
✔✔Structure-function relationship.. - ✔✔The functions of macromolecules are directly
related to their 3D shapes which in turn result from the sequences and chemical
properties of their monomers
✔✔Four major classes of macromolecules... - ✔✔Polypeptides, nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, lipids
✔✔Amino Acids are made of.. - ✔✔Amino Group, Side Chain, Carboxyl
✔✔Amino Acids are linked together by... - ✔✔Peptide Bonds
✔✔Primary Structure... - ✔✔The sequence of amino acids in polypeptides
-Stabilized by peptide bonds
✔✔Secondary Structure... - ✔✔Formation of a-helices and B-pleated sheets in a
polypeptide
-Stabilized by Hydrogen bonds
✔✔Tertiary Structure... - ✔✔Overall three-demensional shape of a polypeptide
-Stabilized by bonds and other interactions between R-groups
