Intro to Psychology - Final Exam Questions and Answers
Personality - -A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of
behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
-Conscious mind - -Freud's term for what you are presently aware of
-Preconscious mind - -Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not
presently aware of but can access
-Unconscious mind - -Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware
of.
-Id - -The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological
instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.
-Pleasure principle - -The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual
drives without concern for the consequences
-Ego - -The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to
find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives.
-Reality principle - -The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the
constraints of reality (norms of society).
-Superego - -The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized
standards of behaviour.
-Defense mechanism - -A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person
from anxiety.
-Erogenous zone - -The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are
focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.
-Fixation - -Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage
due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs.
-Oral stage of psychosexual development - -First stage in Freud's theory
Birth to 18 months
Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue
Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing
-Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment - -Second stage in Freud's theory
18 months to 3 years
,Erogenous zone is anus
Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal
movements
-Phallic stage of psychosexual development - -Third stage in Freud's theory
3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone is located at genitals
Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation
-Oedipus Conflict - -Freud
Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his
father will find out and castrate him.
-Identification - -Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent and
learn their gender role and sense of morality
-Latency stage of psychosexual development - -Fourth stage in Freud's theory
6 years to puberty
No erogenous zone
Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development
-Genital stage of psychosexual development - -Fifth stage in Freud's theory
Puberty to adulthood
Erogenous zone is genitals
Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate adult relationships
-Hierarchy of Needs - -Motivation
Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are arranged in a pyramid
shape.
From bottom to top:
Physiological (hunger, thirst)
Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)
Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)
Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence)
Self-actualization (live up to potential)
-Self-actualization - -The fullest realization of a person's potential
-Conditions of worth - -The behaviours and attitudes for which other people (starting with
parents) will give us positive regard
-Unconditional positive regard - -Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by
others
-Self-system - -The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and
regulates their behaviour
, -Self-efficacy - -A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations
-External locus of control - -The perception that chance or external forces beyond your
personal control determine your fate
-Internal locus of control - -The perception that you control your own fate.
-Learned helplessness - -A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is
unable to prevent aversive events.
-Attribution - -The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others
-Self-serving bias - -The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself
favourably
-Traits - -The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person
-Personal inventory - -An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or
statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.
-Projective test - -A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the
test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli
-Personality Theories - -Type Theories
Trait Theories
-Type Theories - -Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics
- Sheldon Somatotypes
- Eysenck
- Type A vs. Type B
-Sheldon Somatotypes - -Type theory of personality
Based on body types
Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered
Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude
Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of physical activity
-Endomorph - -Sheldon somatotype
Short, plump
Sociable, relaxed, even-tempered
-Ectomorph - -Sheldon somatotype
Tall, thin
Restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude
Personality - -A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of
behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment.
-Conscious mind - -Freud's term for what you are presently aware of
-Preconscious mind - -Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not
presently aware of but can access
-Unconscious mind - -Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware
of.
-Id - -The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological
instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.
-Pleasure principle - -The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual
drives without concern for the consequences
-Ego - -The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to
find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives.
-Reality principle - -The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the
constraints of reality (norms of society).
-Superego - -The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized
standards of behaviour.
-Defense mechanism - -A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person
from anxiety.
-Erogenous zone - -The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are
focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.
-Fixation - -Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage
due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs.
-Oral stage of psychosexual development - -First stage in Freud's theory
Birth to 18 months
Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue
Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing
-Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment - -Second stage in Freud's theory
18 months to 3 years
,Erogenous zone is anus
Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal
movements
-Phallic stage of psychosexual development - -Third stage in Freud's theory
3 to 6 years
Erogenous zone is located at genitals
Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation
-Oedipus Conflict - -Freud
Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his
father will find out and castrate him.
-Identification - -Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent and
learn their gender role and sense of morality
-Latency stage of psychosexual development - -Fourth stage in Freud's theory
6 years to puberty
No erogenous zone
Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development
-Genital stage of psychosexual development - -Fifth stage in Freud's theory
Puberty to adulthood
Erogenous zone is genitals
Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate adult relationships
-Hierarchy of Needs - -Motivation
Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are arranged in a pyramid
shape.
From bottom to top:
Physiological (hunger, thirst)
Safety (feel safe, secure, stable)
Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted)
Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence)
Self-actualization (live up to potential)
-Self-actualization - -The fullest realization of a person's potential
-Conditions of worth - -The behaviours and attitudes for which other people (starting with
parents) will give us positive regard
-Unconditional positive regard - -Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by
others
-Self-system - -The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and
regulates their behaviour
, -Self-efficacy - -A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations
-External locus of control - -The perception that chance or external forces beyond your
personal control determine your fate
-Internal locus of control - -The perception that you control your own fate.
-Learned helplessness - -A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is
unable to prevent aversive events.
-Attribution - -The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others
-Self-serving bias - -The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself
favourably
-Traits - -The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person
-Personal inventory - -An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or
statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not.
-Projective test - -A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the
test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli
-Personality Theories - -Type Theories
Trait Theories
-Type Theories - -Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics
- Sheldon Somatotypes
- Eysenck
- Type A vs. Type B
-Sheldon Somatotypes - -Type theory of personality
Based on body types
Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered
Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude
Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of physical activity
-Endomorph - -Sheldon somatotype
Short, plump
Sociable, relaxed, even-tempered
-Ectomorph - -Sheldon somatotype
Tall, thin
Restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude
