Nurs750 Study Guide Exam 3 UPDATED 2025

Gastrointestinal Concerns 1. Pica in Childhood o Definition and common substances involved o Anticipatory guidance o Risks associated with pica (e.g., heavy metal contamination, bowel obstruction) 2. Colic vs. GERD o Differentiating colic (excessive crying) from gastroesophageal reflux (GERD o Key diagnostic features: Spitting up, irritability, weight gain o Treatment considerations for colic o Probiotics for colic  Research evidence on probiotics for colic  Benefits and limitations of probiotic treatments 3. Poor Weight Gain in Infants o Potential causes and diagnostic steps (feeding history, stooling history, nutritional assessment) o Importance of ruling out feeding problems or illnesses affecting growth 4. Constipation o Symptoms and common causes (e.g., low fiber intake, abdominal pain) o Red flags for serious underlying conditions (e.g., bowel obstruction) 5. Viral Gastroenteritis o Symptoms (fever, vomiting, diarrhea) o Management strategies (oral rehydration, bland foods, monitoring hydration) o Anticipatory guidance for parents 6. Pinworm Infection (Enterobius vermicularis) o Symptoms (nocturnal itching, perianal excoriations) o Diagnosis (e.g., "tape test") o Treatment options 7. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children o Presentation o Common causative organisms (e.g., Escherichia coli) o Diagnosis and treatment options (e.g., antibiotic choice for UTI) o Anticipatory guidance o Importance of urine culture and sensitivity testing for severe infections 8. Appendicitis in Children o Signs and symptoms (abdominal pain, guarding, nausea, fever) o Diagnostic approach (e.g., imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan) o Referral to Emergency Department/ Surgical intervention Genitourinary Concerns 1. Vulvovaginitis and Dysuria in Prepubertal Girls  Etiology of vulvovaginitis (e.g., irritants, hygiene practices)  Diagnostic approach (urinalysis, external genital exam)  Management strategies (hygiene education, Sitz baths, avoidance of irritants) 2. Phimosis in Uncircumcised Boys  Normal developmental process of foreskin retraction  Management options (gentle retraction vs. steroid creams)  When to consider referral (e.g., urinary obstruction, recurrent infections) 3. Nocturnal Enuresis (Bedwetting)  Definition and epidemiology of nocturnal enuresis  First-line management (bed alarms, reassurance)  When to refer for further evaluation (e.g., urology consultation) 4. Testicular Torsion  Presentation and signs (unilateral pain, nausea, vomiting)  Differentiation from epididymitis (positive Phren’s sign)  Management (immediate referral for surgical evaluation) Sexually Transmitted Infections 1. Common STI  Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis  Presentation  Diagnostic testing  Treatment guidelines Adolescent Female Reproductive Health 1. Physiology of Menstrual Cycle  Role of estrogen and LH surge  Progesterone rise and its role in endometrial thickening  Physiological changes right before ovulation 2. Pregnancy in Adolescents  Initial management (pregnancy test, counseling, legal considerations)  Considerations for reporting laws and parental involvement 3. PCOS in Adolescents  Presentation (ex: irregular periods, acne, hirsutism)  Diagnostic workup (ex: testosterone, A1C, TSH)  Treatment options (ex: lifestyle changes, combined oral contraceptives, spironolactone, metformin) 4. Dysmenorrhea Management  Presentation  Management – NSAIDs/ COC  COC contraindications Module 10: Hematology and Endocrinology Hematology conditions 1. Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) • Most common cause of anemia in infants/children. • CBC findings: microcytic, hypochromic anemia; low hemoglobin (<11 g/dL in infants). • Risk factors: excessive cow’s milk intake (>20 oz/day), breastfed beyond 6 months without iron supplementation, poor iron intake.