BIO 182 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
|| 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Population genetics - ANSWER ✓ The field of biology that looks at the
causes and consequences of genetic variation within a population
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic drift
2. For a population with the following genotype breakdown, what would the
allele frequencies be?
AA=20, Aa=10, aa=10 - ANSWER ✓ p=0.625, q=0.375
3. Calculate the allele frequencies from the given genotype frequencies:
AA=0.08, Aa=0.46, aa=0.46 - ANSWER ✓ p=0.31, q=0.69
4. Is this population in Hard-Weinberg equilibrium?
AA=0.70, Aa=0.10, aa=0.20 - ANSWER ✓ No
5. Allopatric speciation - ANSWER ✓ Speciation that results due to
geographic barriers
6. Sympatric speciation - ANSWER ✓ Speciation that results in a shared
environment, i.e. from behavioral processes
7. What are questions that philosophers of science are interested in when the
think about epistemology in biology? - ANSWER ✓ How do we know what
we know about biology?
, How we know affects what we know
What is the evidence, and what gets to count as evidence?
8. What is an example of an assumption within modern biology? - ANSWER
✓ Cell types can be identified by the expression of individual genes
9. In a simple Mendelian monohybrid cross, true-breeding tall plants are
crossed with short
plants, and the F1 plants, which are all tall, are allowed to self-pollinate.
What fraction of the F2 generation are both tall and heterozygous?
a. 1⁄8
b. 1⁄4
c. 1⁄3
d. 2⁄3
e. 1⁄2 - ANSWER ✓ e. 1⁄2
10.The phenotype of an individual
a. depends at least in part on the genotype.
b. is either homozygous or heterozygous.
c. determines the genotype.
d. is the genetic constitution of the organism.
e. is either monohybrid or dihybrid. - ANSWER ✓ a. depends at least in
part on the genotype.
11.The ABO blood groups in humans are determined by a multiple-allele
system in which IA and
IB are codominant and are both dominant to IO. A newborn infant is type A.
The mother is type
O. Possible phenotypes of the father are
a. A, B, or AB.
b. A, B, or O.
c. O only.
d. A or AB.
e. A or O - ANSWER ✓ d. A or AB.
12.Which statement about an individual that is homozygous for an allele is not
true?
a. Each of its cells possesses two copies of that allele.
b. Each of its gametes contains one copy of that allele.
, c. It is true-breeding with respect to that allele.
d. Its parents were necessarily homozygous for that allele.
e. It can pass that allele to its offspring. - ANSWER ✓ d. Its parents
were necessarily homozygous for that allele.
13.Which statement about a test cross is not true?
a. It tests whether an unknown individual is homozygous or
heterozygous.
b. The test individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.
c. If the test individual is heterozygous, the progeny will have a 1:1
ratio.
d. If the test individual is homozygous, the progeny will have a 3:1 ratio.
e. Test cross results are consistent with Mendel's model of inheritance
for unlinked genes - ANSWER ✓ d. If the test individual is
homozygous, the progeny will have a 3:1 ratio
14.Linked genes
a. must be immediately adjacent to one another on a chromosome.
b. have alleles that assort independently of one another.
c. never show crossing over.
d. are on the same chromosome.
e. always have multiple alleles. - ANSWER ✓ d. are on the same
chromosome.
15.In the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross
a. four phenotypes appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 if the loci are linked.
b. four phenotypes appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 if the loci are unlinked.
c. two phenotypes appear in the ratio 3:1 if the loci are unlinked.
d. three phenotypes appear in the ratio 1:2:1 if the loci are unlinked.
e. two phenotypes appear in the ratio 1:1 whether or not the loci are
linked. - ANSWER ✓ b. four phenotypes appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 if
the loci are unlinked.
16.The genetic sex of a human is determined by
a. ploidy, with the male being haploid.
b. the Y chromosome.
c. X and Y chromosomes, the male being XX.
d. the number of X chromosomes, the male being XO.
, e. Z and W chromosomes, the male being ZZ. - ANSWER ✓ b. the Y
chromosome.
17.In epistasis
a. nothing changes from generation to generation.
b. one gene alters the effect of another.
c. a portion of a chromosome is deleted.
d. a portion of a chromosome is inverted.
e. the behavior of two genes is entirely independent - ANSWER ✓ b.
one gene alters the effect of another.
18.The respiratory system of which of the following organisms relies on air
sacs to move air through the lungs?
birds
mammals
fish
amphibians
reptiles - ANSWER ✓ birds
19.Which of the following statements is true regarding respiration in mammals?
Select all that apply.
A. Air moves in a unidirectional fashion through the lungs.
B. Gas exchange occurs in the bronchioles.
C. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
D. Respiration depends on changes in air pressure in the chest
cavity.
E. Respiration depends on contractions of the diaphragm. -
ANSWER ✓ C,D,E
20.Simple multicellular organisms that are small can meet their gas exchange
needs by means of: Select all that apply.
A. a flattened body shape that increases surface area
B. a flattened or thin body shape that reduces the distance
between cells inside their body and the external environment
C. by living in air that provides abundant oxygen, even though
they are at risk of losing water and drying out
2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
|| 100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. Population genetics - ANSWER ✓ The field of biology that looks at the
causes and consequences of genetic variation within a population
Genetic polymorphism
Genetic drift
2. For a population with the following genotype breakdown, what would the
allele frequencies be?
AA=20, Aa=10, aa=10 - ANSWER ✓ p=0.625, q=0.375
3. Calculate the allele frequencies from the given genotype frequencies:
AA=0.08, Aa=0.46, aa=0.46 - ANSWER ✓ p=0.31, q=0.69
4. Is this population in Hard-Weinberg equilibrium?
AA=0.70, Aa=0.10, aa=0.20 - ANSWER ✓ No
5. Allopatric speciation - ANSWER ✓ Speciation that results due to
geographic barriers
6. Sympatric speciation - ANSWER ✓ Speciation that results in a shared
environment, i.e. from behavioral processes
7. What are questions that philosophers of science are interested in when the
think about epistemology in biology? - ANSWER ✓ How do we know what
we know about biology?
, How we know affects what we know
What is the evidence, and what gets to count as evidence?
8. What is an example of an assumption within modern biology? - ANSWER
✓ Cell types can be identified by the expression of individual genes
9. In a simple Mendelian monohybrid cross, true-breeding tall plants are
crossed with short
plants, and the F1 plants, which are all tall, are allowed to self-pollinate.
What fraction of the F2 generation are both tall and heterozygous?
a. 1⁄8
b. 1⁄4
c. 1⁄3
d. 2⁄3
e. 1⁄2 - ANSWER ✓ e. 1⁄2
10.The phenotype of an individual
a. depends at least in part on the genotype.
b. is either homozygous or heterozygous.
c. determines the genotype.
d. is the genetic constitution of the organism.
e. is either monohybrid or dihybrid. - ANSWER ✓ a. depends at least in
part on the genotype.
11.The ABO blood groups in humans are determined by a multiple-allele
system in which IA and
IB are codominant and are both dominant to IO. A newborn infant is type A.
The mother is type
O. Possible phenotypes of the father are
a. A, B, or AB.
b. A, B, or O.
c. O only.
d. A or AB.
e. A or O - ANSWER ✓ d. A or AB.
12.Which statement about an individual that is homozygous for an allele is not
true?
a. Each of its cells possesses two copies of that allele.
b. Each of its gametes contains one copy of that allele.
, c. It is true-breeding with respect to that allele.
d. Its parents were necessarily homozygous for that allele.
e. It can pass that allele to its offspring. - ANSWER ✓ d. Its parents
were necessarily homozygous for that allele.
13.Which statement about a test cross is not true?
a. It tests whether an unknown individual is homozygous or
heterozygous.
b. The test individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.
c. If the test individual is heterozygous, the progeny will have a 1:1
ratio.
d. If the test individual is homozygous, the progeny will have a 3:1 ratio.
e. Test cross results are consistent with Mendel's model of inheritance
for unlinked genes - ANSWER ✓ d. If the test individual is
homozygous, the progeny will have a 3:1 ratio
14.Linked genes
a. must be immediately adjacent to one another on a chromosome.
b. have alleles that assort independently of one another.
c. never show crossing over.
d. are on the same chromosome.
e. always have multiple alleles. - ANSWER ✓ d. are on the same
chromosome.
15.In the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross
a. four phenotypes appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 if the loci are linked.
b. four phenotypes appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 if the loci are unlinked.
c. two phenotypes appear in the ratio 3:1 if the loci are unlinked.
d. three phenotypes appear in the ratio 1:2:1 if the loci are unlinked.
e. two phenotypes appear in the ratio 1:1 whether or not the loci are
linked. - ANSWER ✓ b. four phenotypes appear in the ratio 9:3:3:1 if
the loci are unlinked.
16.The genetic sex of a human is determined by
a. ploidy, with the male being haploid.
b. the Y chromosome.
c. X and Y chromosomes, the male being XX.
d. the number of X chromosomes, the male being XO.
, e. Z and W chromosomes, the male being ZZ. - ANSWER ✓ b. the Y
chromosome.
17.In epistasis
a. nothing changes from generation to generation.
b. one gene alters the effect of another.
c. a portion of a chromosome is deleted.
d. a portion of a chromosome is inverted.
e. the behavior of two genes is entirely independent - ANSWER ✓ b.
one gene alters the effect of another.
18.The respiratory system of which of the following organisms relies on air
sacs to move air through the lungs?
birds
mammals
fish
amphibians
reptiles - ANSWER ✓ birds
19.Which of the following statements is true regarding respiration in mammals?
Select all that apply.
A. Air moves in a unidirectional fashion through the lungs.
B. Gas exchange occurs in the bronchioles.
C. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
D. Respiration depends on changes in air pressure in the chest
cavity.
E. Respiration depends on contractions of the diaphragm. -
ANSWER ✓ C,D,E
20.Simple multicellular organisms that are small can meet their gas exchange
needs by means of: Select all that apply.
A. a flattened body shape that increases surface area
B. a flattened or thin body shape that reduces the distance
between cells inside their body and the external environment
C. by living in air that provides abundant oxygen, even though
they are at risk of losing water and drying out
