ANP 652 EXAM EVALUATION TEST 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Hypernatremia - ✔✔increased temp, weakness, disorientation, dilusions,
hypotension, tachycardia. give hypotonic solution. Hypernatremia is defined as a serum
sodium concentration of greater than 145 meq/l This activity reviews the causes,
presentation and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management
✔✔Hypernatremia treatment - ✔✔Treatment of hypernatremia typically involves infusion
of hypotonic solutions such as 5% dextrose in water (D5W), or in rare occasions,
hemodialysis, to lower serum sodium concentration [Na].
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of
less than 135 mEq/L but can vary to a small extent in different laboratories.
Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body
water when compared to total body sodium content.Symptoms of hyponatremia can
include nausea and vomiting, loss of energy and confusion. Serious hyponatremia can
cause seizures, coma and even death. Hyponatremia is more common in older adults
because they're more likely to take medicines or have medical problems that put them
at risk of the disorder.
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔Both guidelines recommend hypertonic saline
(typically 3% NaCl) for acute or symptomatic hyponatremia. Hypertonic saline is an
effective and potentially life-saving treatment for cerebral edema due to hyponatremia,
as the high extracellular sodium concentration immediately removes water from the
intracellular space
✔✔JNC 8 guidelines - ✔✔According to JNC 7, the general BP goal is to lower systolic
BP to less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP to less than 90 mm Hg. This
recommendation is supported by many clinical trials. A more aggressive goal of less
than 130/80 mm Hg is advised for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
✔✔SIADH - ✔✔Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a
condition in which the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone
helps the kidneys control the amount of water your body loses through the urine. SIADH
causes the body to retain too much water
✔✔SIADH causes - ✔✔Ectopic production from small cell ca of lung
CNS trauma
Pulm infection, COPD
Cyclophosphamide
✔✔SIADH treatment - ✔✔Mild (asymptomatic with sodium 120-130 meq/L) = Fluid
restriction
, Moderate (asymptomatic with sodium 110-120 meq/L) = Loop diuretic + normal saline
0.9% saline
Severe (symptomatic) = hypertonic saline 3% saline
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis - ✔✔Respiratory alkalosis occurs when low carbon dioxide
levels disrupt your blood's acid-base balance. It often occurs in people who experience
rapid, uncontrollable breathing (hyperventilation). Treatment includes supplemental
oxygen and therapies to reduce the risk of hyperventilation.
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis S/S - ✔✔lethargy
lightheadedness
confusion
tachycardia
dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia
nausea
vomiting
epigastric pain
numbness and tingling of the extremities
hyperventilation (tachypnea)
✔✔respiratory alkalosis causes - ✔✔• Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can
be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or
salicylate poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure,
pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment - ✔✔Treatment of metabolic alkalosis is targeted at
treating the underlying pathology. In anxious patients, anxiolytics may be necessary. In
infectious disease, antibiotics targeting sputum or blood cultures are appropriate. In
embolic disease, anticoagulation is necessary. Ventilator support may be necessary for
patients with acute respiratory failure, acute asthma, or acute, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation if they show signs of respiratory fatigue. In
ventilator controlled patients, it may be necessary to reevaluate their ventilator settings
to reduce respiratory rate. If hyperventilation is intentional, monitor the arterial or venous
blood gas values closely. In severe cases, pH may be directly reduced using acidic
agents. However, this is not routinely done
✔✔Metabolic Alkalosis - ✔✔as a disease state where the body's pH is elevated to
greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process. Before going into details about
pathology and this disease process, some background information about the
physiological pH buffering process is important.
✔✔respiratory acidosis s/s - ✔✔Drowsiness
Disorientation
AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Hypernatremia - ✔✔increased temp, weakness, disorientation, dilusions,
hypotension, tachycardia. give hypotonic solution. Hypernatremia is defined as a serum
sodium concentration of greater than 145 meq/l This activity reviews the causes,
presentation and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in its management
✔✔Hypernatremia treatment - ✔✔Treatment of hypernatremia typically involves infusion
of hypotonic solutions such as 5% dextrose in water (D5W), or in rare occasions,
hemodialysis, to lower serum sodium concentration [Na].
✔✔Hyponatremia - ✔✔Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration of
less than 135 mEq/L but can vary to a small extent in different laboratories.
Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body
water when compared to total body sodium content.Symptoms of hyponatremia can
include nausea and vomiting, loss of energy and confusion. Serious hyponatremia can
cause seizures, coma and even death. Hyponatremia is more common in older adults
because they're more likely to take medicines or have medical problems that put them
at risk of the disorder.
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔Both guidelines recommend hypertonic saline
(typically 3% NaCl) for acute or symptomatic hyponatremia. Hypertonic saline is an
effective and potentially life-saving treatment for cerebral edema due to hyponatremia,
as the high extracellular sodium concentration immediately removes water from the
intracellular space
✔✔JNC 8 guidelines - ✔✔According to JNC 7, the general BP goal is to lower systolic
BP to less than 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP to less than 90 mm Hg. This
recommendation is supported by many clinical trials. A more aggressive goal of less
than 130/80 mm Hg is advised for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease.
✔✔SIADH - ✔✔Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a
condition in which the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This hormone
helps the kidneys control the amount of water your body loses through the urine. SIADH
causes the body to retain too much water
✔✔SIADH causes - ✔✔Ectopic production from small cell ca of lung
CNS trauma
Pulm infection, COPD
Cyclophosphamide
✔✔SIADH treatment - ✔✔Mild (asymptomatic with sodium 120-130 meq/L) = Fluid
restriction
, Moderate (asymptomatic with sodium 110-120 meq/L) = Loop diuretic + normal saline
0.9% saline
Severe (symptomatic) = hypertonic saline 3% saline
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis - ✔✔Respiratory alkalosis occurs when low carbon dioxide
levels disrupt your blood's acid-base balance. It often occurs in people who experience
rapid, uncontrollable breathing (hyperventilation). Treatment includes supplemental
oxygen and therapies to reduce the risk of hyperventilation.
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis S/S - ✔✔lethargy
lightheadedness
confusion
tachycardia
dysrhythmias related to hypokalemia
nausea
vomiting
epigastric pain
numbness and tingling of the extremities
hyperventilation (tachypnea)
✔✔respiratory alkalosis causes - ✔✔• Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can
be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or
salicylate poisoning.
• Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure,
pneumonia, pulmonary emboli).
Can also be stimulated by fever.
• Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing."
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment - ✔✔Treatment of metabolic alkalosis is targeted at
treating the underlying pathology. In anxious patients, anxiolytics may be necessary. In
infectious disease, antibiotics targeting sputum or blood cultures are appropriate. In
embolic disease, anticoagulation is necessary. Ventilator support may be necessary for
patients with acute respiratory failure, acute asthma, or acute, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation if they show signs of respiratory fatigue. In
ventilator controlled patients, it may be necessary to reevaluate their ventilator settings
to reduce respiratory rate. If hyperventilation is intentional, monitor the arterial or venous
blood gas values closely. In severe cases, pH may be directly reduced using acidic
agents. However, this is not routinely done
✔✔Metabolic Alkalosis - ✔✔as a disease state where the body's pH is elevated to
greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process. Before going into details about
pathology and this disease process, some background information about the
physiological pH buffering process is important.
✔✔respiratory acidosis s/s - ✔✔Drowsiness
Disorientation
