BMS 310 Exam 2 Learning Objectives
questions and answers graded A+
Define Innate resistance or immunity - correct answer ✔✔the natural epithelial barrier and
inflammation confer innate resistance and protection. When the epithelial barrier is damaged,
inflammation occurs.
Compare and contrast key components of the first, second, and third lines of defense: timing,
memory, peptides, cytokines, and protection. - correct answer ✔✔*1st Line of Defense*~
against infection and tissue injury. *Timing* constant, broadly specific, made up of epithelial
cells. No memory involved. *Peptides*: defenses catholicizing, collections, lactoferrin, and
bacterial toxins. *Protection*~ includes anatomic barriers, cells, and secretory molecules or
cytokines, and ciliary activity.
*2nd Line of Defense*~ occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection. Immediate response,
broadly specific. *Cells*: mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, platelets,
and endothelial cells. No memory. *Peptides*~ complement, clotting factors, kinins.
*Protection* includes vascular responses, cellular components, secretory molecules or
cytokines, and activation of plasma protein systems.
*3rd Line of Defense*~ initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive
immunity. Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen; response is very specific toward the antigen. *Cells*~ b
and T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Specific immunologic memory by T &B
lymphocytes. *Peptides*; antibodies and complement. *Protection* includes activated T and B
cells, cytokines, and antibodies.
Describe inflammation and contrast it with adaptive immunity - correct answer
✔✔Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates and adaptive process that results in
a long-term and very effective immunity against microorganisms. Adaptive immunity is
relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second
infection.
,Discuss the microscopic findings vs. macroscopic findings for an inflammatory response - correct
answer ✔✔*Microscopically* the inflammatory response changes can be seen at the vascular
level.
-vasodilation causes slower blood velocity and increased blood flow to the injured site.
-increased vascular permeability and leakage of fluid out of the vessel cause swelling at injury
site; as plasma moves outwards, blood in the microcirculation becomes more viscous and flows
slower, and the increased blood flow increases the conc. of RBC at the inflammation site which
causes locally increased redness and warmth.
-WBCs there to inner walls of vessels and migrate through enlarged junctions between
endothelial cells into the surrounding tissue (diapedesis).
*Macroscopically* we see warmth, edema, pus, clots, and pain.
Identify and describe the plasma protein systems and their interactions in inflammation -
correct answer ✔✔*Complement System*~ consists of several plasma proteins that constitute
about 10% of the total circulating serum protein. Produces factors that destroy pathogens. Can
be activated by 3 different means. *4 Functions*: anaphylatoxic activity resulting in mast cell
degranulation (C3a, C3b), leukocyte chemotaxis (C5a), opsonization (C3b), and cell lysis (C5b-C9
& MAC).
*Coagulation System*~ AKA clotting system. Group of plasma proteins that, when activated
sequentially, forms a blood clot at an injured or inflamed site. Clot is a meshwork of protein
(fibrin) strands that contains platelets and traps other cells. Helps prevent spread of infection,
traps microorganisms and foreign bodies and inflammation site, forms clot that stops bleeding,
and provides framework for future repairs and healing. Main substance of mesh is insoluble
fibrin (end product of cascade). Activated by substances released during tissue injury and
infection (collagen, plasmin, bacterial products). Fibinopeptides A &B are released and are
chemotactic for neutrophils and increase vascular permeability by enhancing effects of
bradykinin.
*Kinin System*~ augment inflammation in several ways. Primary product is bradykinin, which
causes dilation of blood vessels, acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and induce
pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, increases vascular permeability, and may increase
leukocyte chemotaxis. Bradykinin induces smooth muscle contraction SLOWER than histamine.
Activated by stimulation of the plasma kinin cascade.
, Identify the primary cells of inflammation - correct answer ✔✔*Mast Cells*~ most important
activators of inflammation, and *Dendritic cells* which connect the innate and immune
responses.
*Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes= WBCs*.~ granulocytes are most common
leukocytes. Monocytes in the blood are precursors of macrophages that are found in tissues.
Cells of both the innate and acquired immune systems are recruited and activated by
biochemical mediators produced at the cite of cellular damage. They act to confine damage, kill
microorganisms, and remove debris in preparation for healing.
Describe the roll of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors, and scavenger receptors in
pathogen recognition. - correct answer ✔✔*PRRs*~ recognize molecular patterns on infections
agents or their products (*PAMPs*), or products of cellular damage (necrosis or apoptosis) by
damage-associated molecular patterns (*DAMPs*).
*TLRs*~ are expressed on the surface of many cells that have direct and early contact with
potential pathogenic microorganisms. They recognize a variety of PAMPs located on
microorganisms cell wall or surface, other surface structures, or microbial nucleic acids.
*Complement Receptors*~ are found on many cells of the innate and adaptive immune
responses, as well as some epithelial cells. They recognize several fragments produced through
activation of the complement system.
*Scavenger Receptors*~ are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens, as well as damaged cells and altered soluble lipoproteins
associated with vascular damage.
Indicate the causes of mast cell degranulation and the effects of the released preformed
biomechanical mediators: histamine, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and eosinophil chemotactic
factor - correct answer ✔✔*Mast Cell Degranulation* occurs when the mast cell is activated in
response to a stimulus. *Biochemical mediators* in the mast cell granules including histamine,
chemotactic factors, and cytokines are released within seconds to exert their effects
immediately.
-*Histamine*~ potent effects on many cells especially those that control circulation. Vasoactive
amine. Histamine causes temporary, rapid constriction of smooth muscle and dilation of the
post capillary venues, increases blood flow into the microcirculation. Also increases vascular
permeability.
questions and answers graded A+
Define Innate resistance or immunity - correct answer ✔✔the natural epithelial barrier and
inflammation confer innate resistance and protection. When the epithelial barrier is damaged,
inflammation occurs.
Compare and contrast key components of the first, second, and third lines of defense: timing,
memory, peptides, cytokines, and protection. - correct answer ✔✔*1st Line of Defense*~
against infection and tissue injury. *Timing* constant, broadly specific, made up of epithelial
cells. No memory involved. *Peptides*: defenses catholicizing, collections, lactoferrin, and
bacterial toxins. *Protection*~ includes anatomic barriers, cells, and secretory molecules or
cytokines, and ciliary activity.
*2nd Line of Defense*~ occurs as a response to tissue injury or infection. Immediate response,
broadly specific. *Cells*: mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, platelets,
and endothelial cells. No memory. *Peptides*~ complement, clotting factors, kinins.
*Protection* includes vascular responses, cellular components, secretory molecules or
cytokines, and activation of plasma protein systems.
*3rd Line of Defense*~ initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive
immunity. Delay between primary exposure to antigen and maximum response; immediate
against secondary exposure to antigen; response is very specific toward the antigen. *Cells*~ b
and T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Specific immunologic memory by T &B
lymphocytes. *Peptides*; antibodies and complement. *Protection* includes activated T and B
cells, cytokines, and antibodies.
Describe inflammation and contrast it with adaptive immunity - correct answer
✔✔Inflammation associated with infection usually initiates and adaptive process that results in
a long-term and very effective immunity against microorganisms. Adaptive immunity is
relatively slow to develop but has memory and more rapidly targets and eradicates a second
infection.
,Discuss the microscopic findings vs. macroscopic findings for an inflammatory response - correct
answer ✔✔*Microscopically* the inflammatory response changes can be seen at the vascular
level.
-vasodilation causes slower blood velocity and increased blood flow to the injured site.
-increased vascular permeability and leakage of fluid out of the vessel cause swelling at injury
site; as plasma moves outwards, blood in the microcirculation becomes more viscous and flows
slower, and the increased blood flow increases the conc. of RBC at the inflammation site which
causes locally increased redness and warmth.
-WBCs there to inner walls of vessels and migrate through enlarged junctions between
endothelial cells into the surrounding tissue (diapedesis).
*Macroscopically* we see warmth, edema, pus, clots, and pain.
Identify and describe the plasma protein systems and their interactions in inflammation -
correct answer ✔✔*Complement System*~ consists of several plasma proteins that constitute
about 10% of the total circulating serum protein. Produces factors that destroy pathogens. Can
be activated by 3 different means. *4 Functions*: anaphylatoxic activity resulting in mast cell
degranulation (C3a, C3b), leukocyte chemotaxis (C5a), opsonization (C3b), and cell lysis (C5b-C9
& MAC).
*Coagulation System*~ AKA clotting system. Group of plasma proteins that, when activated
sequentially, forms a blood clot at an injured or inflamed site. Clot is a meshwork of protein
(fibrin) strands that contains platelets and traps other cells. Helps prevent spread of infection,
traps microorganisms and foreign bodies and inflammation site, forms clot that stops bleeding,
and provides framework for future repairs and healing. Main substance of mesh is insoluble
fibrin (end product of cascade). Activated by substances released during tissue injury and
infection (collagen, plasmin, bacterial products). Fibinopeptides A &B are released and are
chemotactic for neutrophils and increase vascular permeability by enhancing effects of
bradykinin.
*Kinin System*~ augment inflammation in several ways. Primary product is bradykinin, which
causes dilation of blood vessels, acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and induce
pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, increases vascular permeability, and may increase
leukocyte chemotaxis. Bradykinin induces smooth muscle contraction SLOWER than histamine.
Activated by stimulation of the plasma kinin cascade.
, Identify the primary cells of inflammation - correct answer ✔✔*Mast Cells*~ most important
activators of inflammation, and *Dendritic cells* which connect the innate and immune
responses.
*Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes= WBCs*.~ granulocytes are most common
leukocytes. Monocytes in the blood are precursors of macrophages that are found in tissues.
Cells of both the innate and acquired immune systems are recruited and activated by
biochemical mediators produced at the cite of cellular damage. They act to confine damage, kill
microorganisms, and remove debris in preparation for healing.
Describe the roll of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), pathogen-associated molecular
patterns (PAMPs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), complement receptors, and scavenger receptors in
pathogen recognition. - correct answer ✔✔*PRRs*~ recognize molecular patterns on infections
agents or their products (*PAMPs*), or products of cellular damage (necrosis or apoptosis) by
damage-associated molecular patterns (*DAMPs*).
*TLRs*~ are expressed on the surface of many cells that have direct and early contact with
potential pathogenic microorganisms. They recognize a variety of PAMPs located on
microorganisms cell wall or surface, other surface structures, or microbial nucleic acids.
*Complement Receptors*~ are found on many cells of the innate and adaptive immune
responses, as well as some epithelial cells. They recognize several fragments produced through
activation of the complement system.
*Scavenger Receptors*~ are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens, as well as damaged cells and altered soluble lipoproteins
associated with vascular damage.
Indicate the causes of mast cell degranulation and the effects of the released preformed
biomechanical mediators: histamine, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and eosinophil chemotactic
factor - correct answer ✔✔*Mast Cell Degranulation* occurs when the mast cell is activated in
response to a stimulus. *Biochemical mediators* in the mast cell granules including histamine,
chemotactic factors, and cytokines are released within seconds to exert their effects
immediately.
-*Histamine*~ potent effects on many cells especially those that control circulation. Vasoactive
amine. Histamine causes temporary, rapid constriction of smooth muscle and dilation of the
post capillary venues, increases blood flow into the microcirculation. Also increases vascular
permeability.
