Test Bank for Understanding
Pathophysiology, 7th Edition EXAM (2025)
QUESTIONS AND (elaborated) WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Eukaryotic cell - (answers)Contains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus - (answers)Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in eukaryotes.
Respiration - (answers)Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus - (answers)Region within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins - (answers)Dissolve bilayer to remove attached
proteins.
Ligands - (answers)Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin - (answers)Extracellular matrix protein decreased in metastatic
cancer.
Cell junction - (answers)Structure allowing direct communication between
adjacent cells.
,Paracrine signaling - (answers)Local chemical mediators affecting nearby cells.
Enzyme affinity - (answers)High attraction of enzymes to specific substrates.
Metabolic absorption - (answers)Cellular process of nutrient uptake for energy.
Cell adhesion molecules - (answers)Proteins that help cells stick to each other.
Glycoproteins - (answers)Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell identity.
Gap junction - (answers)Channels allowing communication between adjacent
cells.
Desmosome - (answers)Structure providing mechanical stability between cells.
Tight junction - (answers)Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial cells.
Mitochondria - (answers)Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes - (answers)Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
,Cytoplasm - (answers)Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen - (answers)Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing support.
Elastin - (answers)Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells - (answers)Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - (answers)Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling - (answers)Local chemical mediators quickly taken up or
destroyed.
Enzyme affinity - (answers)Each enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency - (answers)Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle - (answers)Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism - (answers)Includes digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, citric
acid cycle.
, Anaerobic glycolysis - (answers)Occurs without oxygen for continued muscle
performance.
Diffusion - (answers)Movement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes - (answers)Electrically charged molecules essential for bodily
functions.
Oncotic pressure - (answers)Determined by concentration of plasma proteins.
Hydrostatic pressure - (answers)Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transport - (answers)Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
Osmosis - (answers)Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Glycolysis - (answers)Initial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
Oxidation - (answers)Phase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigue - (answers)Result of ATP depletion after strenuous exercise.
Pathophysiology, 7th Edition EXAM (2025)
QUESTIONS AND (elaborated) WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Eukaryotic cell - (answers)Contains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus - (answers)Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in eukaryotes.
Respiration - (answers)Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus - (answers)Region within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins - (answers)Dissolve bilayer to remove attached
proteins.
Ligands - (answers)Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin - (answers)Extracellular matrix protein decreased in metastatic
cancer.
Cell junction - (answers)Structure allowing direct communication between
adjacent cells.
,Paracrine signaling - (answers)Local chemical mediators affecting nearby cells.
Enzyme affinity - (answers)High attraction of enzymes to specific substrates.
Metabolic absorption - (answers)Cellular process of nutrient uptake for energy.
Cell adhesion molecules - (answers)Proteins that help cells stick to each other.
Glycoproteins - (answers)Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell identity.
Gap junction - (answers)Channels allowing communication between adjacent
cells.
Desmosome - (answers)Structure providing mechanical stability between cells.
Tight junction - (answers)Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial cells.
Mitochondria - (answers)Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes - (answers)Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
,Cytoplasm - (answers)Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen - (answers)Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing support.
Elastin - (answers)Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells - (answers)Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - (answers)Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling - (answers)Local chemical mediators quickly taken up or
destroyed.
Enzyme affinity - (answers)Each enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency - (answers)Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle - (answers)Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism - (answers)Includes digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, citric
acid cycle.
, Anaerobic glycolysis - (answers)Occurs without oxygen for continued muscle
performance.
Diffusion - (answers)Movement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes - (answers)Electrically charged molecules essential for bodily
functions.
Oncotic pressure - (answers)Determined by concentration of plasma proteins.
Hydrostatic pressure - (answers)Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transport - (answers)Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
Osmosis - (answers)Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Glycolysis - (answers)Initial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
Oxidation - (answers)Phase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigue - (answers)Result of ATP depletion after strenuous exercise.
