FINAL EXAM 5 NUTRI SCI 431
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
Untreated hypertension can lead to? - Answer-1. Cardiac- congestive heart failure and
myocardial infarction (obstruction of blood supply to tissue or organ-- causing local
death of tissue)
-Cerebral vascular accident or stroke
-End stage renal disease
-retinopathy- vision problems
Normal BP - Answer-<120 systolic and
<80 diastolic
Factors associated with essential HT - Answer--Cause cannot be determined
-90-95% of people with HBP have this form
-Pathophysiological, renal- abnormal control of Na excretion (sodium sensitive
hypertension?); renin0angiotensis system set too high (causes blood vessels to
constrict and raise BP)
-Genetics- age, race, family history
-Behavioral: Stress, exercise, smoking
-Obesity (beahvioral facts-- excess alcohol consumption leads to high BP)
-Dietary: high Na, low K intake and excess alcohol
Secondary HT causes - Answer--About 5-10% of people wiht HBP
-Result of another disease
-- We can most likely fix it
ex. hypertension in pregnancy-- will go away after pregnancy
How do we fix secondary hypertension - Answer-Treatment of the underlying disease
long term control of BP - Answer-Regulated by the kidney
-Controls ECF or plasma volume
-Secretes renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Short term control of BP - Answer-the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
-Receptors in the body which monitor BP (baroreceptors)
-- Located in the walls or arteries, esp crotids and aortic arch
, -- In response to a fall in BP, SNS secretes norepinephrine (a vasoconstrictor) which
makes smooth muscles in small arteries and arterioles contract, increasing PVR and
raising BP.
---- Also increases venous return with increase CO
-Stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete epi and norepi into blood increasing HR
5 effective modifiable factors and their relative importance for the control of increased
BP - Answer-1.Weight reduction (BMI 18.5-24.9)
-This lowers insulin resistance, cardiac output and SNS activity, and supresses RAAS
Reduction of 5-20 mm Hg/10 Kg weight loss
2.Adopt DASH
-High fruits and veggies, low fat dairy, lower saturated fat and total fat
--potassium intake very high from this (which reduces BP and
decreased risk of stroke
-reduces SBP by 8-14 mm Hg
3. Dietary Na reduction
-recommended <2.4 g Na pr <6 g salt
-reduces SBP by 2-8 mm Hg
4. Increase physical activity
-recommended regular aerobic 30 min/day on most days
-reduced SBP by 4-9 mm Hg
5. Moderate alcohol consumption
-recommended 2 drinks for men 1 drink for women per day
- SBP reduction of 2-4 mm Hg
mEq equation - Answer-*mg/atomic weight x valence electrons*
ex.
NaCl= 40%; atomic weight of Na= 23g, Cl= 35.4g
1 tsp salt= 6 g NaCl= 6095 mg NaCl (6095 mg NaCl x 0.393 mg Na = 2.4 g Na
Na is measured in mEq
2396 mg Na/23 mg/mEq= 104 mEq Na
--> 1 tsp= 2400 mg or 104 mEq Na
If people need to eat a lower sodium diet they should: - Answer-Eat potatoes, bananas,
leafy greens, orange juice, and the best... TOMATO (low sodium, low calorie, high
potassium-- high potassium= lower BP
DASH diet approaches - Answer--Not a single change in nutrients
-Low fat--> 26%; limit high fat meats and sat fat
-Low fat fairy products, >1,000 mg Ca/d
-High fruits and veggies, 8-10 servings/d
--> results= 6-11 mg Hg decrease SBP and and 3-9 mm Hg decrease in DBP
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
Untreated hypertension can lead to? - Answer-1. Cardiac- congestive heart failure and
myocardial infarction (obstruction of blood supply to tissue or organ-- causing local
death of tissue)
-Cerebral vascular accident or stroke
-End stage renal disease
-retinopathy- vision problems
Normal BP - Answer-<120 systolic and
<80 diastolic
Factors associated with essential HT - Answer--Cause cannot be determined
-90-95% of people with HBP have this form
-Pathophysiological, renal- abnormal control of Na excretion (sodium sensitive
hypertension?); renin0angiotensis system set too high (causes blood vessels to
constrict and raise BP)
-Genetics- age, race, family history
-Behavioral: Stress, exercise, smoking
-Obesity (beahvioral facts-- excess alcohol consumption leads to high BP)
-Dietary: high Na, low K intake and excess alcohol
Secondary HT causes - Answer--About 5-10% of people wiht HBP
-Result of another disease
-- We can most likely fix it
ex. hypertension in pregnancy-- will go away after pregnancy
How do we fix secondary hypertension - Answer-Treatment of the underlying disease
long term control of BP - Answer-Regulated by the kidney
-Controls ECF or plasma volume
-Secretes renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Short term control of BP - Answer-the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
-Receptors in the body which monitor BP (baroreceptors)
-- Located in the walls or arteries, esp crotids and aortic arch
, -- In response to a fall in BP, SNS secretes norepinephrine (a vasoconstrictor) which
makes smooth muscles in small arteries and arterioles contract, increasing PVR and
raising BP.
---- Also increases venous return with increase CO
-Stimulates adrenal medulla to secrete epi and norepi into blood increasing HR
5 effective modifiable factors and their relative importance for the control of increased
BP - Answer-1.Weight reduction (BMI 18.5-24.9)
-This lowers insulin resistance, cardiac output and SNS activity, and supresses RAAS
Reduction of 5-20 mm Hg/10 Kg weight loss
2.Adopt DASH
-High fruits and veggies, low fat dairy, lower saturated fat and total fat
--potassium intake very high from this (which reduces BP and
decreased risk of stroke
-reduces SBP by 8-14 mm Hg
3. Dietary Na reduction
-recommended <2.4 g Na pr <6 g salt
-reduces SBP by 2-8 mm Hg
4. Increase physical activity
-recommended regular aerobic 30 min/day on most days
-reduced SBP by 4-9 mm Hg
5. Moderate alcohol consumption
-recommended 2 drinks for men 1 drink for women per day
- SBP reduction of 2-4 mm Hg
mEq equation - Answer-*mg/atomic weight x valence electrons*
ex.
NaCl= 40%; atomic weight of Na= 23g, Cl= 35.4g
1 tsp salt= 6 g NaCl= 6095 mg NaCl (6095 mg NaCl x 0.393 mg Na = 2.4 g Na
Na is measured in mEq
2396 mg Na/23 mg/mEq= 104 mEq Na
--> 1 tsp= 2400 mg or 104 mEq Na
If people need to eat a lower sodium diet they should: - Answer-Eat potatoes, bananas,
leafy greens, orange juice, and the best... TOMATO (low sodium, low calorie, high
potassium-- high potassium= lower BP
DASH diet approaches - Answer--Not a single change in nutrients
-Low fat--> 26%; limit high fat meats and sat fat
-Low fat fairy products, >1,000 mg Ca/d
-High fruits and veggies, 8-10 servings/d
--> results= 6-11 mg Hg decrease SBP and and 3-9 mm Hg decrease in DBP
