CIPP/E EXAM VERSION 2 2025/2026 WITH
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS
|FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|
BRAND NEW VERSION !!!|LATEST UPDATE
The standard is a code of practice for implementing an information security management
system, against which organizations can be certified.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27001
The standard is a code of practice for information security with hundreds of potential controls
and control mechanisms. The standard is intended to provide a guide for the development of
"organizational security standards and effective security management practices and to help
build confidence in inter-organizational activities". It can be considered a guide to implementing
ISO 27001
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27002
A reference to joint investigations and joint enforcement measures in which members or staff
from the supervisory authorities of multiple member states are involved. The GDPR requires
supervisory authorities to work with one another when processing operations affect data
subjects in multiple member states.
Joint Operations
A body sanctioned by local, regional or national governments to enforce laws and apprehend
those who break them. In Europe, are governed by strict rules of criminal procedure designed
to protect the fundamental human right to privacy enshrined in Article 8 of the European
Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In the arena of data protection, law enforcement is
governed by the Directive on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of
Personal Data by Competent Authorities for the Purpose of Law Enforcement (Directive
2016/680), which came into force in April 2016.
1|Page
,Law Enforcement Authority (EU specific)
Technically Directive 2016/680, or the Directive on the Protection of Natural Persons with
Regard to the Processing of Personal Data by Competent Authorities for the Purposes of Law
Enforcement, this is the EU law governing the handling of personal data by competent law
enforcement authorities. Each member state has a law that translates this directive into
national law. The directive covers the cross-border and national processing of data by member
states' competent authorities for the purpose of law enforcement. This includes the prevention,
investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, as well as the safeguarding and
prevention of threats to public security. It does not cover activities by EU institutions, bodies,
offices and agencies, nor activities falling outside the scope of EU law.
Law Enforcement Directive
One of three requirements established by the GDPR for the processing of personal data.
Personal data shall be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the
data subject. Data subjects must be aware of the fact that their personal data will be processed,
including how the data will be collected, kept and used, to allow them to make an informed
decision about whether they agree with such processing and to enable them to exercise their
data protection rights. The GDPR outlines six bases for processing of personal data.
Lawfulness
A privacy notice designed to respond to problems with a excessively long notices. A short notice
— the top layer — provides a user with the key elements of the privacy notice. The full notice —
the bottom layer — covers all the intricacies in full. In its guidance on complying with the GDPR,
the Article 29 Working Party, which has now been replaced by the European Data Protection
Board, recommended a layered notice in order to meet requirements of the GDPR that privacy
notices be easily accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language be used.
Layered Notice
A layered approach defines three levels of security policies. The top layer is a high-level
document containing the controller's policy statement. The next layer is a more detailed
document that sets out the controls that will be implemented to achieve the policy statements.
The third layer is the most detailed and contains the operating procedures, which explain how
the policy statements will be achieved in practice.
Layered Security Policy
The supervisory authority of the main establishment or of the single establishment of the
controller or processor shall be competent to act as lead supervisory authority for the cross-
border processing carried out by that controller or processor. Shall be the sole
2|Page
,interlocutor (person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation) of the controller or processor
for the cross-border processing carried out by that controller or processor.
Lead Supervisory Authority
The GDPR requires data controllers to demonstrate one of these six bases for
processing: consent, contract requirement, legal obligation, protection of data subject's vital
interests, public task, or legitimate interest of the controller. The controller is required to
provide a privacy notice, specify in the privacy notice the legal basis for the processing personal
data in each instance of processing, and when relying on the legitimate interest ground must
describe the legitimate interests pursued.
Legal Basis for Processing
One of the six legal bases for processing personal data in the GDPR, including those of a
controller to which the personal data may be disclosed, or of a third party, may provide a legal
basis for processing, provided that the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
data subject are not overriding, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of data
subjects based on their relationship with the controller.
Legitimate Interests of Controller
Same as "Legal basis for processing"
Legitimate Processing Criteria
A case in which the European Court of Justice ruled that a woman who identified and included
information about fellow church volunteers on her website was in breach of the Data Protection
Directive 95/46/EC. The ECJ held that the creation of a personal website was not a personal
activity allowing the woman to be exempted from the data protection rules. Some
observers wonder whether Recital 18 of the GDPR, which says the law does not apply to the
processing of personal data by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household
activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity, might affect this
precedent ruling. Recital 18 says personal or household activities could include correspondence
and the holding of addresses, or social networking and online activity undertaken within the
context of such activities.
Lindqvist Judgement
If a person can be identified, directly or indirectly, by reference to this data, then that data is
classified by the GDPR as personal data. Might consist of coordinates, addresses, or any other
data that specifies a position in space.
Location Data
3|Page
, Services that utilize information about location to deliver, in various contexts, a wide array of
applications and services, including social networking, gaming and entertainment. Such services
typically rely upon GPS, RFID, Wi-Fi, or similar technologies in which geolocation is used to
identify the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a mobile device or an internet-
connected computer terminal.
Location-Based Service
A resolution adopted in 2009 by the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy
Commissioners, consisting of 80 data protection authorities from 42 countries around the
world. The resolutions proposes international standards on the protection of privacy with
regard to the processing of personal data, to include: lawfulness and fairness; purpose
specification; proportionality; data quality; openness; and accountability.
Madrid Resolution
Should be the place of its central administration in the EU, unless the decisions on the purposes
and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the
controller in the EU in which case that other establishment should be considered to be the main
establishment. Should be the place of its central administration in the EU or, if it has no central
administration in the EU the place where the main processing activities take place in the EU.
The member state location of the main establishment determines the controller or
processor's lead supervisory authority
Main Establishment
The actions covered by a particular law or regulation. The processing of personal data wholly or
partly by automated means and to the processing other than by automated means of personal
data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system, other
than that processing that falls outside of the scope of EU law, is done for personal or
household use, or is done for law enforcement purposes.
Material Scope (EU specific)
Chairman and founder of noyb, a "privacy enforcement platform" that brings data protection
cases to the courts under the GDPR. Schrems first came notoriety as an Austrian law student,
who complained to the Irish Data Commissioner that Facebook Ireland was illegally sharing his
personal data with the U.S. government, following the revelations of Edward Snowden. ,"
Eventually caused the invalidation of the Safe Harbor data-transfer agreement between the EU
and U.S. A second case brought by Schrems, known as Schrems 2.0 or Schrems II, seeks to
invalidate standard contractual clauses when used to transfer data to the United States from the
EU*.
4|Page
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS
|FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+|NEWEST|
BRAND NEW VERSION !!!|LATEST UPDATE
The standard is a code of practice for implementing an information security management
system, against which organizations can be certified.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27001
The standard is a code of practice for information security with hundreds of potential controls
and control mechanisms. The standard is intended to provide a guide for the development of
"organizational security standards and effective security management practices and to help
build confidence in inter-organizational activities". It can be considered a guide to implementing
ISO 27001
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27002
A reference to joint investigations and joint enforcement measures in which members or staff
from the supervisory authorities of multiple member states are involved. The GDPR requires
supervisory authorities to work with one another when processing operations affect data
subjects in multiple member states.
Joint Operations
A body sanctioned by local, regional or national governments to enforce laws and apprehend
those who break them. In Europe, are governed by strict rules of criminal procedure designed
to protect the fundamental human right to privacy enshrined in Article 8 of the European
Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In the arena of data protection, law enforcement is
governed by the Directive on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of
Personal Data by Competent Authorities for the Purpose of Law Enforcement (Directive
2016/680), which came into force in April 2016.
1|Page
,Law Enforcement Authority (EU specific)
Technically Directive 2016/680, or the Directive on the Protection of Natural Persons with
Regard to the Processing of Personal Data by Competent Authorities for the Purposes of Law
Enforcement, this is the EU law governing the handling of personal data by competent law
enforcement authorities. Each member state has a law that translates this directive into
national law. The directive covers the cross-border and national processing of data by member
states' competent authorities for the purpose of law enforcement. This includes the prevention,
investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, as well as the safeguarding and
prevention of threats to public security. It does not cover activities by EU institutions, bodies,
offices and agencies, nor activities falling outside the scope of EU law.
Law Enforcement Directive
One of three requirements established by the GDPR for the processing of personal data.
Personal data shall be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the
data subject. Data subjects must be aware of the fact that their personal data will be processed,
including how the data will be collected, kept and used, to allow them to make an informed
decision about whether they agree with such processing and to enable them to exercise their
data protection rights. The GDPR outlines six bases for processing of personal data.
Lawfulness
A privacy notice designed to respond to problems with a excessively long notices. A short notice
— the top layer — provides a user with the key elements of the privacy notice. The full notice —
the bottom layer — covers all the intricacies in full. In its guidance on complying with the GDPR,
the Article 29 Working Party, which has now been replaced by the European Data Protection
Board, recommended a layered notice in order to meet requirements of the GDPR that privacy
notices be easily accessible and easy to understand, and that clear and plain language be used.
Layered Notice
A layered approach defines three levels of security policies. The top layer is a high-level
document containing the controller's policy statement. The next layer is a more detailed
document that sets out the controls that will be implemented to achieve the policy statements.
The third layer is the most detailed and contains the operating procedures, which explain how
the policy statements will be achieved in practice.
Layered Security Policy
The supervisory authority of the main establishment or of the single establishment of the
controller or processor shall be competent to act as lead supervisory authority for the cross-
border processing carried out by that controller or processor. Shall be the sole
2|Page
,interlocutor (person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation) of the controller or processor
for the cross-border processing carried out by that controller or processor.
Lead Supervisory Authority
The GDPR requires data controllers to demonstrate one of these six bases for
processing: consent, contract requirement, legal obligation, protection of data subject's vital
interests, public task, or legitimate interest of the controller. The controller is required to
provide a privacy notice, specify in the privacy notice the legal basis for the processing personal
data in each instance of processing, and when relying on the legitimate interest ground must
describe the legitimate interests pursued.
Legal Basis for Processing
One of the six legal bases for processing personal data in the GDPR, including those of a
controller to which the personal data may be disclosed, or of a third party, may provide a legal
basis for processing, provided that the interests or the fundamental rights and freedoms of the
data subject are not overriding, taking into consideration the reasonable expectations of data
subjects based on their relationship with the controller.
Legitimate Interests of Controller
Same as "Legal basis for processing"
Legitimate Processing Criteria
A case in which the European Court of Justice ruled that a woman who identified and included
information about fellow church volunteers on her website was in breach of the Data Protection
Directive 95/46/EC. The ECJ held that the creation of a personal website was not a personal
activity allowing the woman to be exempted from the data protection rules. Some
observers wonder whether Recital 18 of the GDPR, which says the law does not apply to the
processing of personal data by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household
activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity, might affect this
precedent ruling. Recital 18 says personal or household activities could include correspondence
and the holding of addresses, or social networking and online activity undertaken within the
context of such activities.
Lindqvist Judgement
If a person can be identified, directly or indirectly, by reference to this data, then that data is
classified by the GDPR as personal data. Might consist of coordinates, addresses, or any other
data that specifies a position in space.
Location Data
3|Page
, Services that utilize information about location to deliver, in various contexts, a wide array of
applications and services, including social networking, gaming and entertainment. Such services
typically rely upon GPS, RFID, Wi-Fi, or similar technologies in which geolocation is used to
identify the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a mobile device or an internet-
connected computer terminal.
Location-Based Service
A resolution adopted in 2009 by the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy
Commissioners, consisting of 80 data protection authorities from 42 countries around the
world. The resolutions proposes international standards on the protection of privacy with
regard to the processing of personal data, to include: lawfulness and fairness; purpose
specification; proportionality; data quality; openness; and accountability.
Madrid Resolution
Should be the place of its central administration in the EU, unless the decisions on the purposes
and means of the processing of personal data are taken in another establishment of the
controller in the EU in which case that other establishment should be considered to be the main
establishment. Should be the place of its central administration in the EU or, if it has no central
administration in the EU the place where the main processing activities take place in the EU.
The member state location of the main establishment determines the controller or
processor's lead supervisory authority
Main Establishment
The actions covered by a particular law or regulation. The processing of personal data wholly or
partly by automated means and to the processing other than by automated means of personal
data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system, other
than that processing that falls outside of the scope of EU law, is done for personal or
household use, or is done for law enforcement purposes.
Material Scope (EU specific)
Chairman and founder of noyb, a "privacy enforcement platform" that brings data protection
cases to the courts under the GDPR. Schrems first came notoriety as an Austrian law student,
who complained to the Irish Data Commissioner that Facebook Ireland was illegally sharing his
personal data with the U.S. government, following the revelations of Edward Snowden. ,"
Eventually caused the invalidation of the Safe Harbor data-transfer agreement between the EU
and U.S. A second case brought by Schrems, known as Schrems 2.0 or Schrems II, seeks to
invalidate standard contractual clauses when used to transfer data to the United States from the
EU*.
4|Page
