Biology 20 Unit D Certification Review Exam Questions And Answers (Course) To Download.

Actin - correct answer A protein that, along with myosin, is the chief component of muscle; makes up the thin filament of a muscle fibre. Aldosterone - correct answer A type of mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulates the distal tubule and collecting duct of the kidneys to increase the absorption of sodium into the bloodstream, which is followed by the passive absorption of water and chloride. Anabolic - correct answer Compound-synthesizing metabolic reaction. Antibody - correct answer Proteins that recognize foreign substances in the body and neutralize or destroy them. Antidiuretic Hormone - correct answer Hormone regulated by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of the distal tubule and the collecting duct in the nephrons of the kidneys, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood from the filtrate. Arterial Pressure - correct answer The pressure blood exerts on artery walls. Atrophy - correct answer A reduction in size, tone, and power in muscle. Bladder - correct answer The organ where urine is stored before being discharged by the urethra. Bowman's Capsule - correct answer In the kidney, cap-like formation at the top of each nephron that serves as a filtration structure; surrounds the glomerulus. Catabolic - correct answer Compound-decomposing metabolic reaction. Catalyze - correct answer To increase the rate of reaction. Cell-Mediated Immunity - correct answer Non-specific component of the immune system that involves the activation of white blood cells, specifically macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes, rather than the production of antibodies. Chemoreceptor - correct answer Sensory receptor that is sensitive to chemical stimulation; e.g. taste, smell, and blood pH. Chyme - correct answer Thick liquid formed by mixing food with gastric juice in the stomach. Cilia - correct answer Small, hairlike organs on the surface of some cells, particularly cells lining the upper respiratory tract. Coagulation - correct answer The process where a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet and fibrin-containing clot to stop the bleeding and begin repair on the damaged vessel. Congenital - correct answer Appearing at birth due to a heredity/genetic abnormality or from complications during pregnancy. Connective Tissue - correct answer The material between the cells of the body that gives tissues form and strength. This tissue is also involved in delivering nutrients. Countercurrent Heat Exchange - correct answer A mechanism used to transfer heat from one flowing current of fluid to another across a semi-permeable membrane. Birds use this between blood vessels in their legs to keep heat concentrated within their bodies. Constrict - correct answer To make smaller or narrower, especially in one place, by squeezing. Blood vessels will do this to reduce blood flow. Dehydration - correct answer A relative deficiency of water molecules in relation to other dissolved solutions; can be caused by blood loss, vomiting, excess exertion, or malnutrition. Dehydration Synthesis - correct answer Chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two subunit molecules by the removal of an -OH (hydroxyl) group from one subunit and a hydrogen atom from the other subunit; essentially, a molecule of water (H2O) is removed. Diabetes Insipidus - correct answer A disorder characterized by excessive thirst, weakness, and heavy and frequent urination due to insufficient levels of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). Diastole - correct answer The relaxation of the heart. Dilate - correct answer To make wider or larger; cause to expand or swell; stretch. Blood vessels will do this to increase blood flow. Distal Tubule - correct answer In the kidney, tubular portion of the nephron that lies between the loop of Henle and the proximal tubule; main function is reabsorbtion of water and solutes, and secretion of various substances. Emphysema - correct answer Obstructive respiratory disorder in which the walls of the alvioli break down and lose their elasticity; reduces the surface area for gas exchange and causes oxygen shortages in the tissue. Endocardium - correct answer The innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart; The sheet of shiny white tissue also lines the body's blood vessels to help form a continuous lining throughout the circulatory system. This lining helps blood flow smoothly and prevents the form of clots. Feedback Inhibition - correct answer The process by which the accumulated end product of a biochemical pathway stops the synthesis of that product. Fibrin - correct answer A mesh-like protein involved in the clotting of blood. Glomerulus - correct answer In the kidney, a fine network of capillaries within the Bowman's capsule of the nephron; arising from the renal artery, the walls of the glomerulus act as a filtration device. Helper T Cell - correct answer Lymphocyte that, upon recognizing an antigen, gives off chemical signals that stimulate certain immune cells (macrophages, B cells, and other T cells) to perform their respective functions. Hydrostatic Pressure - correct answer The pressure exerted by a fluid on any containing surface, such as the force exerted by blood on the capillary wall. Hydrolysis - correct answer Chemical reaction in which the addition of a water molecule cleaves a macromolecule into subunits; one hydrogen atom from water is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group is bonded the other subunit, breaking a covalent bond in the macromolecule. Hypertrophy - correct answer An exercise induced increase in muscle mass. Hypothalamus - correct answer Region of the forebrain just below the cerebral hemispheres, under the thalamus; a centre of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the integration and correlation of many neural and endocrine functions; helps to regulate the body's internal environment, as well as certain aspects of behavior; coordinated the actions of the pituitary gland by producing and regulating the release of certain hormones. Kidney - correct answer In vertebrates, one of a pair of organs that filters waste from the blood (which is excreted in urine) and adjusts the concentrations of salts in the blood. Killer T Cell - correct answer Cytotoxic lymphocyte that binds with infected cells and destroys them by puncturing a hole in their membrane; may be activated indirectly by chemical signals from a helper T cell or directly by the presence of the invading pathogen and associated antigens. Loop of Henle - correct answer In the kidney, tubular portion of the nephron that lies between the proximal tubule and the distal tubule; main function is reabsorbtion of water and ions. Memory T Cell - correct answer Lymphocyte that carries receptors for specific foreign antigen that was encountered in an earlier infection through vaccination; memory T cells quickly promote an immune response if the same antigen is re-encountered in a subsequent infection. Mitral Stenosis - correct answer A heart valve disorder that narrows or obstructs the mitral valve opening. Narrowing the mitral valve prevents the valve from opening properly and obstructs the blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This can reduce the amount of blood that flows forward to the body. Muscle Fibre - correct answer A single muscle cell. Myocardial Fibres - correct answer A specialized cardiac muscle that can contract as well as conduct electrical impulses; not found anywhere else in the body. Myosin - correct answer A thick myofilament consisting of two strands of myofilament molecules wound around each other. One end consists of a long rod, while the other end consists of a double-headed globular region. Works with actin to produce muscle contractions. Non-Striated Muscle - correct answer Contains contractile proteins arranged randomly that do not create bands or stripes; called smooth muscle. Osmoreceptors - correct answer A sensor found in the hypothalamus of the brain that detects changes in osmotic pressure. Osmotic Pressure - correct answer Hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution that is separated by a semi-permeable membrane. The pressure is created due to different concentration of solutes. It is required to maintain equilibrium with no net movement of solvent. In other words, osmotic pressure stays the same at all times unless there is a problem. You can think of osmotic pressure as the pressure required to prevent water from leaving. Pathogen - correct answer A germ or foreign-invading substance that can cause illness/disease. Pepsin - correct answer Protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the stomach; remains inactive until hydrochloric acid is present.