BIOL 227 Exam 1 (CH 1,4,5,6) Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025-2026
Anatomy - Answers Studies body structure.
Physiology - Answers Studies how body structures function.
Scientific Method Steps - Answers 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Data Collection 5.
Conclusion 6. Peer Review.
Scientific Method in Anatomy and Physiology - Answers Used to investigate how body systems function
and how structures are related to functions.
Microscopic Anatomy - Answers Includes Cytology (cells) and Histology (tissues).
Gross Anatomy - Answers Includes Surface, Regional, Systemic, Developmental, and Comparative
anatomy.
Subdivisions in Physiology - Answers Includes system physiology (e.g., cardiovascular, renal, respiratory),
pathophysiology (disease states), and exercise physiology.
Interrelation of Form and Function - Answers Anatomy (form) determines physiology (function);
structures are shaped to perform specific tasks.
Characteristics of Living Things - Answers Organization, metabolism, growth & development,
responsiveness, regulation, reproduction.
Levels of Organization in the Human Body - Answers Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ
system → Organism.
Organ Systems of the Human Body - Answers Each system has specific functions but works
interdependently.
Components of a Homeostatic System - Answers Receptor (detects change), Control center (interprets
and decides response), Effector (produces response).
Examples of Homeostatic System Components - Answers Thermoregulation: skin (receptor),
hypothalamus (control center), sweat glands/muscles (effectors).
Negative Feedback - Answers A control mechanism that reduces the original stimulus to maintain
homeostasis.
Negative Feedback Response - Answers Detects change, processes through control center, activates
effectors to restore balance.
Positive Feedback - Answers Enhances the original stimulus.
Examples of Positive Feedback - Answers Blood clotting, labor contractions, breastfeeding.
, Positive Feedback Loop Actions - Answers Stimulus → Receptor → Control Center → Effector → Stimulus
reinforced → Continues until resolution.
Homeostasis and Health - Answers Disruption of homeostasis leads to dysfunction and disease;
maintaining balance supports health.
Lipid components of the plasma membrane - Answers Phospholipids (form bilayer), cholesterol
(stabilizes membrane), glycolipids (cell recognition).
Function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane - Answers Form a bilayer that acts as a barrier to
most water-soluble substances.
Function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane - Answers Stabilizes the membrane, makes it less
permeable to very small water-soluble molecules.
Function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane - Answers Involved in cell recognition and interactions.
Types of membrane proteins based on position - Answers Integral (span the membrane), peripheral
(attached to the exterior or interior surface).
Major roles played by membrane proteins - Answers Transport, receptors, enzymes, cell identity
markers, adhesion, cytoskeleton attachment.
Diffusion - Answers The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
Difference between simple and facilitated diffusion - Answers Simple = directly through membrane;
Facilitated = via channel or carrier proteins.
Osmosis - Answers The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure - Answers The pressure required to stop the osmotic movement of water.
Tonicity - Answers Describes the effect of a solution on cell volume due to osmosis.
Primary vs. secondary active transport - Answers Primary uses ATP directly; secondary uses energy from
another substance's gradient.
Types of vesicular transport - Answers Exocytosis (release materials); Endocytosis = phagocytosis
(solids), pinocytosis (fluids), receptor-mediated (specific molecules).
Resting membrane potential (RMP) - Answers The voltage difference across the cell membrane at rest,
usually -70mV.
Conditions maintaining the RMP - Answers Na+/K+ pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in), K+ leak channels,
impermeability to large anions.
Anatomy - Answers Studies body structure.
Physiology - Answers Studies how body structures function.
Scientific Method Steps - Answers 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Data Collection 5.
Conclusion 6. Peer Review.
Scientific Method in Anatomy and Physiology - Answers Used to investigate how body systems function
and how structures are related to functions.
Microscopic Anatomy - Answers Includes Cytology (cells) and Histology (tissues).
Gross Anatomy - Answers Includes Surface, Regional, Systemic, Developmental, and Comparative
anatomy.
Subdivisions in Physiology - Answers Includes system physiology (e.g., cardiovascular, renal, respiratory),
pathophysiology (disease states), and exercise physiology.
Interrelation of Form and Function - Answers Anatomy (form) determines physiology (function);
structures are shaped to perform specific tasks.
Characteristics of Living Things - Answers Organization, metabolism, growth & development,
responsiveness, regulation, reproduction.
Levels of Organization in the Human Body - Answers Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ
system → Organism.
Organ Systems of the Human Body - Answers Each system has specific functions but works
interdependently.
Components of a Homeostatic System - Answers Receptor (detects change), Control center (interprets
and decides response), Effector (produces response).
Examples of Homeostatic System Components - Answers Thermoregulation: skin (receptor),
hypothalamus (control center), sweat glands/muscles (effectors).
Negative Feedback - Answers A control mechanism that reduces the original stimulus to maintain
homeostasis.
Negative Feedback Response - Answers Detects change, processes through control center, activates
effectors to restore balance.
Positive Feedback - Answers Enhances the original stimulus.
Examples of Positive Feedback - Answers Blood clotting, labor contractions, breastfeeding.
, Positive Feedback Loop Actions - Answers Stimulus → Receptor → Control Center → Effector → Stimulus
reinforced → Continues until resolution.
Homeostasis and Health - Answers Disruption of homeostasis leads to dysfunction and disease;
maintaining balance supports health.
Lipid components of the plasma membrane - Answers Phospholipids (form bilayer), cholesterol
(stabilizes membrane), glycolipids (cell recognition).
Function of phospholipids in the plasma membrane - Answers Form a bilayer that acts as a barrier to
most water-soluble substances.
Function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane - Answers Stabilizes the membrane, makes it less
permeable to very small water-soluble molecules.
Function of glycolipids in the plasma membrane - Answers Involved in cell recognition and interactions.
Types of membrane proteins based on position - Answers Integral (span the membrane), peripheral
(attached to the exterior or interior surface).
Major roles played by membrane proteins - Answers Transport, receptors, enzymes, cell identity
markers, adhesion, cytoskeleton attachment.
Diffusion - Answers The movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
Difference between simple and facilitated diffusion - Answers Simple = directly through membrane;
Facilitated = via channel or carrier proteins.
Osmosis - Answers The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure - Answers The pressure required to stop the osmotic movement of water.
Tonicity - Answers Describes the effect of a solution on cell volume due to osmosis.
Primary vs. secondary active transport - Answers Primary uses ATP directly; secondary uses energy from
another substance's gradient.
Types of vesicular transport - Answers Exocytosis (release materials); Endocytosis = phagocytosis
(solids), pinocytosis (fluids), receptor-mediated (specific molecules).
Resting membrane potential (RMP) - Answers The voltage difference across the cell membrane at rest,
usually -70mV.
Conditions maintaining the RMP - Answers Na+/K+ pump (3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in), K+ leak channels,
impermeability to large anions.
