NURS 2356 EXAM 2 2025 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Red blood cell production is stimulated by:
1. Tachycardia
2. Tachypnea
3. Renin angiotensin
4. Hypoxia - ANS Hypoxia
4 Main components of blood composition - ANS RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
What is the composition of plasma - ANS 90% H2O
10% solutes - glucose, protein, albumin, hormones, etc
Where is bone marrow aspiration in infants? - ANS Tibia
Where is bone marrow aspiration in toddlers and preschoolers? - ANS femur and tibia
Where is bone marrow aspiration in children over 5? - ANS pelvis (iliac crest)
Where is bone marrow production in young adults/adults? - ANS ribs, sternum, vertebra,
1
pelvis, skull, clavicle, scapula
Page
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, what is anemia - ANS a condition in which levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin are lower
than normal
4 types of anemia - ANS Iron deficiency
lead poisoning
sickle cell
B-thalassemia
Define iron deficiency anemia - ANS reduction in the iron stores of the body causing an
inadequate production of hemoglobin
What is iron needed for? - ANS to make hgb
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia - ANS pallor
tachycardia
tachypnea
lethargy
fatigue
irritability
Why are neonates at risk for iron deficiency anemia? - ANS -lack the maternal iron stores
-Full term infants have maternal iron stores until approximately 6 months of age
-Havent had the time in utero to store up the needed iron supply (preterm)
How can you treat a neonate with iron deficiency anemia? - ANS Iron fortified formula
2
What are risk factors for iron deficiency anemia in infants and children? - ANS 1.inadequate
Page
iron intake
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, 2.Malabsorption of iron in GI tract
3.Chronic blood loss
Food with good sources of iron - ANS red meat, egg yolk, leafy greens, dried fruits, fortified
cereals/formulas, beef, chicken, fish, beans, nuts, seeds, peanut butter, eggs, prunes, whole
grain bread
How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed? - ANS Serum lab evaluation:
-Red blood cell count = microcytic (small) and hypo chronic (pale in color)
-low hemoglobin
-low hematocrit
-low reticulocyte count
-low serum iron concentration
-high total iron binding capacity
What is the goal of treatment for iron deficiency anemia - ANS treat medical problem
causing malabsorption or blood loss/ identify cause
What is the treatment method for iron deficiency anemia? - ANS Increase iron take
~ Dietary sources
~Medication supplement (ferrosol or ferrous sulfate)
What should nurses and parents know about administering iron to children? - ANS -
Administer to back of mouth because it stains teeth, can cause constipation, and black/green
stool
-Give with orange juice or citric acid to help with absorption
-Do not give with milk or antacids
-Give on empty stomach unless GI distress
3
Page
Lead Poisoning Risks - ANS -Children under the age of 6
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, -Children living at or below the poverty line who live in older (prior to 1978) housing
-Children adopted from other countries where there are less strict environmental regulations
Environmental causes of lead poisoning - ANS -Lead based paint
-Plumbing from lead pipes
-soil
Dietary factors of lead poisoning - ANS -iron deficiency
-calcium deficiency
Patient-child interactions - ANS -Job or hobby exposure
-home remedies or cultural practices
How does lead poisoning cause anemia - ANS lead can replace iron on Hgb causing O2 to not
be delivered causing anemia
Clinical manifestation of lead poisoning - ANS -Asymptomatic
-Signs of anemia
-Growth and developmental lags
-Behavioral changes
-Neurologic changes
-Gastrointestinal changes
can someone be asymptomatic if they have lead poisoning - ANS yes
signs of anemia (lead poisoning) - ANS pallor, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath,
headache, tachycardia - because lead replaces iron in Hgb causing anemia
4
Page
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AND ANSWERS
Red blood cell production is stimulated by:
1. Tachycardia
2. Tachypnea
3. Renin angiotensin
4. Hypoxia - ANS Hypoxia
4 Main components of blood composition - ANS RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
What is the composition of plasma - ANS 90% H2O
10% solutes - glucose, protein, albumin, hormones, etc
Where is bone marrow aspiration in infants? - ANS Tibia
Where is bone marrow aspiration in toddlers and preschoolers? - ANS femur and tibia
Where is bone marrow aspiration in children over 5? - ANS pelvis (iliac crest)
Where is bone marrow production in young adults/adults? - ANS ribs, sternum, vertebra,
1
pelvis, skull, clavicle, scapula
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
, what is anemia - ANS a condition in which levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin are lower
than normal
4 types of anemia - ANS Iron deficiency
lead poisoning
sickle cell
B-thalassemia
Define iron deficiency anemia - ANS reduction in the iron stores of the body causing an
inadequate production of hemoglobin
What is iron needed for? - ANS to make hgb
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia - ANS pallor
tachycardia
tachypnea
lethargy
fatigue
irritability
Why are neonates at risk for iron deficiency anemia? - ANS -lack the maternal iron stores
-Full term infants have maternal iron stores until approximately 6 months of age
-Havent had the time in utero to store up the needed iron supply (preterm)
How can you treat a neonate with iron deficiency anemia? - ANS Iron fortified formula
2
What are risk factors for iron deficiency anemia in infants and children? - ANS 1.inadequate
Page
iron intake
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
, 2.Malabsorption of iron in GI tract
3.Chronic blood loss
Food with good sources of iron - ANS red meat, egg yolk, leafy greens, dried fruits, fortified
cereals/formulas, beef, chicken, fish, beans, nuts, seeds, peanut butter, eggs, prunes, whole
grain bread
How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed? - ANS Serum lab evaluation:
-Red blood cell count = microcytic (small) and hypo chronic (pale in color)
-low hemoglobin
-low hematocrit
-low reticulocyte count
-low serum iron concentration
-high total iron binding capacity
What is the goal of treatment for iron deficiency anemia - ANS treat medical problem
causing malabsorption or blood loss/ identify cause
What is the treatment method for iron deficiency anemia? - ANS Increase iron take
~ Dietary sources
~Medication supplement (ferrosol or ferrous sulfate)
What should nurses and parents know about administering iron to children? - ANS -
Administer to back of mouth because it stains teeth, can cause constipation, and black/green
stool
-Give with orange juice or citric acid to help with absorption
-Do not give with milk or antacids
-Give on empty stomach unless GI distress
3
Page
Lead Poisoning Risks - ANS -Children under the age of 6
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
, -Children living at or below the poverty line who live in older (prior to 1978) housing
-Children adopted from other countries where there are less strict environmental regulations
Environmental causes of lead poisoning - ANS -Lead based paint
-Plumbing from lead pipes
-soil
Dietary factors of lead poisoning - ANS -iron deficiency
-calcium deficiency
Patient-child interactions - ANS -Job or hobby exposure
-home remedies or cultural practices
How does lead poisoning cause anemia - ANS lead can replace iron on Hgb causing O2 to not
be delivered causing anemia
Clinical manifestation of lead poisoning - ANS -Asymptomatic
-Signs of anemia
-Growth and developmental lags
-Behavioral changes
-Neurologic changes
-Gastrointestinal changes
can someone be asymptomatic if they have lead poisoning - ANS yes
signs of anemia (lead poisoning) - ANS pallor, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath,
headache, tachycardia - because lead replaces iron in Hgb causing anemia
4
Page
@COPYRIGHT FYNDLAY 2025/2026
