BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Final Exam 2025
| All Questions and Correct Answers |
Graded A+ | Just Released | Verified
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Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms ---
------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Our skin is comprised of closely packed cells
in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and makes it a salty acidic
inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and lysozymes.
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping
presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-
autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more
generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose
of Adderall to treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications
he should make to control/prevent his symptoms? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------
----------He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep deprivation, and
practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several short
naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of
daytime sleepiness.
,Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and
is anxious about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications
she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
---Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient
education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the
establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each
night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),
creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature),
avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance
of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You
have prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior
modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must
begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This
involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same
time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during
the day),creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room
temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and
finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors
for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection.
---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False
You are seeing Jenny, a 25-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is
debilitating pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of
,fatigue, and you notice nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she
experiences stiffness in her hands in the morning that lasts well over an hour.
However, as she gets moving, this seems to subside. Would you suspect that
Jenny has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. -----
----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young.
She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP joints are affected, which is most
common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic symptoms of fatigue. She has
prolonged morning stiffness in her joints, but this is alleviated with movement.
You are seeing Lynn, a 40-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is
severe pain in the DIP joints of both of her hands. She is a medical transcriptionist
and types all day long. She reports that her pain gets worse as the day goes on.
Would you suspect that Lynn has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that
support your diagnosis. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lynn more than
likely has OA. Her age of onset is between 30 and 60. Her DIP joints are affected,
which is common with OA but not for RA. She has a job that is repetitive in
nature. Her symptoms get worse with activity/as the day goes on.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit
should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting
evidence.)
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is
severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness
when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes
away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He
reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot
tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces
ofevidence that support your diagnosis. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
, Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral
presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around.
His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit
should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting
evidence.)
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Lymphocytes
Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---
--------------Platelets
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are not complaining of
pain, and there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place
them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of
severe pain in the affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout
would you place them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Acute gout arthritis
| All Questions and Correct Answers |
Graded A+ | Just Released | Verified
Answers
Explain how the skin's physical barrier makes it inhospitable to microorganisms ---
------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Our skin is comprised of closely packed cells
in multiple layers. Keratin is what covers the skin and makes it a salty acidic
inhospitable environment to microbes with the use of proteins and lysozymes.
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping
presentations. Many manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-
autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more
generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
You recently diagnosed your patient with Narcolepsy. You prescribed a low dose
of Adderall to treat his daytime sleepiness. What are TWO behavior modifications
he should make to control/prevent his symptoms? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------
----------He should practice proper sleep hygiene, avoid sleep deprivation, and
practice safety during high-risk activities, e.g. driving. He should take several short
naps per day (approximately 15 minutes in length) to help ease the symptom of
daytime sleepiness.
,Your friend is suffering from adjustment insomnia. She just started a new job and
is anxious about her new responsibilities. What are TWO behavior modifications
she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------
---Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must begin with patient
education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This involves the
establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same time each
night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during the day),
creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room temperature),
avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and finally, avoidance
of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
Your patient has been suffering from chronic insomnia for the past 6 months. You
have prescribed her Ambien as a sedative, but what are TWO additional behavior
modifications she can make to prevent sleep disturbances? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Treatment and prevention for any type of insomnia must
begin with patient education to promote good sleep hygiene (sleep habits.) This
involves the establishment of consistent sleep patterns (going to bed at the same
time each night and only sleeping as long as one needs to feel refreshed during
the day),creating a comfortable sleeping environment (optimal room
temperature), avoidance of screens and excessive light right before bed, and
finally, avoidance of stimulants (caffeine) several hours prior to normal bedtime.
True/False: The T cells that display the host's MHC antigens and T-cell receptors
for a nonself-antigen are allowed to mature, a process termed negative selection.
---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False
You are seeing Jenny, a 25-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is
debilitating pain in the MCP joints of both hands. Jenny reports general feelings of
,fatigue, and you notice nodules over her MCP joints. She states that she
experiences stiffness in her hands in the morning that lasts well over an hour.
However, as she gets moving, this seems to subside. Would you suspect that
Jenny has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that support your diagnosis. -----
----CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Jenny more than likely has RA. She is young.
She has a bilateral presentation. Her MCP joints are affected, which is most
common with RA. She is exhibiting systemic symptoms of fatigue. She has
prolonged morning stiffness in her joints, but this is alleviated with movement.
You are seeing Lynn, a 40-year-old female in your office whose chief complaint is
severe pain in the DIP joints of both of her hands. She is a medical transcriptionist
and types all day long. She reports that her pain gets worse as the day goes on.
Would you suspect that Lynn has OA or RA? List TWO pieces of evidence that
support your diagnosis. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lynn more than
likely has OA. Her age of onset is between 30 and 60. Her DIP joints are affected,
which is common with OA but not for RA. She has a job that is repetitive in
nature. Her symptoms get worse with activity/as the day goes on.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit
should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting
evidence.)
You are seeing Tom, a 65-year-old male in your office whose chief complaint is
severe pain in his right knee. Tom reports that he experiences some stiffness
when he first wakes up, but if he walks around for a little bit, the stiffness goes
away. Tom likes to be active and is on his feet a lot throughout the day. He
reports that by the end of the day he has to take a Tylenol because he cannot
tolerate the pain. Would you suspect that Tom has OA or RA? List TWO pieces
ofevidence that support your diagnosis. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
, Tom more than likely has OA. His age of onset is higher. He has unilateral
presentation. His stiffness in the morning is relieved quickly by moving around.
His pain worsens the longer he is on his feet.
(If the correct diagnosis is identified, 3 points should be awarded. Full credit
should be given if the correct diagnosis is made with two pieces of supporting
evidence.)
Which lab value will typically be increased in a viral infection? ---------CORRECT
ANSWER-----------------Lymphocytes
Which cell in the blood provides primary hemostasis? ---------CORRECT ANSWER---
--------------Platelets
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are not complaining of
pain, and there are no signs of inflammation. What phase of gout would you place
them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Asymptomatic hyperuricemia
Your patient has serum uric acid levels of 7.5 mg/dL. They are complaining of
severe pain in the affected joint that is painful to the touch. What phase of gout
would you place them? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Acute gout arthritis
