EDKP 396 - final
Historic mistreatment of people with disabilities BEFORE the 1900s
- perceived as lazy, crazy, stupid, imbeciles and evil (stainton, 2018; Jansma &
French, 1994)
What is infanticide?
Ancient civilizations left infants with disabilities to die on hillside (this was legal)
What did the roman emperors do to individuals with physical disabilities?
- used for bow and arrow target practice (L'Abate & Curtis, 1975)
- sold as slaves, burned, used as court jesters (Jansma & French, 1994; Stainton,
2018)
Who was the first medical doctor to show compassion for people who were
locked away in asylums?
Pinel
When did better treatment start for individuals with disabilities?
1700s
Who unlocked people with mental health problems from their chains?
Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin
How did Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin treat individuals with
disabilities?
life histories were obtained to understand these human beings from a medical
and humanistics perspective
When was the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA)?
1973
Who founded IFAPA?
Dr. Clermont Simard and Dr. Denis Drouin
,What did Friedrich Ludwig Jahn do?
- 1811
- opens Turnplatz and the Turners movement starts (therapeutic gymnastics)
What did Henrik Ling do?
- 1813
- creates medical gymnastics
Who created the 4 paradigms of physical activity for people with disabilities?
Polloway et al., 1996
What were facilities-based approach
- early part of 20th century
- viewed person from medical model of patient (often neglect, isolation and lack
of dignity)
- people with disabilities were excluded from PE --> corrective therapy
When was corrective PE used?
early 20th century
What is corrective PE used?
physical activity and exercise as preventative and therapeutic to alleviate
physical disorders and illnesses
What did Dudley Sargent do?
1908
- advocates for corrective PE for remedial activities and exercises
What did R. Tait McKenzie do?
1909
- PE book about people with sensory impairments and intellectual disabilities
- "Reclaiming the Maimed" - benefits of exercise and sport activities for persons
with a disability and advice from professionals
Who created the first PE program in Canada at McGill University?
Ethel Mary Cartwright
,Who questioned Lord Starthcona's trust and the militaristic edge to PE
programming?
Ethel Mary Cartwright
What happened between 1930's-1940's
- municipal recreation programs become important for society during financial
challenges
- foci of PA for people with disabilities starts to grow with
A) mainly the medical model/ medical gymnastics
B) sport
What is a service-based approach?
- 1950s
- individuals defined largely by the label of the person's disability --> special
programs and services were provided
- adapted physical education became common
What happened in the 1950s-1960s
- first APE textboook
- first paralympic summer games
What did julian stein do?
development of programs and services for services for persons with disability in
US and Canada
Who initiated APA research?
Dr. Janet Wessel (Michigan State Uni)
Dr. Patricia Austin (U of A)
Who regoginzed the low physical fitness levels of people with intellectual
disability?
Dr. Frank Hayden
What happened in 1968
first special olympics competition held at Soldiers Field in chicago
, What also happened in 1968
first national games for athletes with disabilities in Canada (wheelchair Sports
Association)
What is the principle of Normalization?
What is the PL-93-112, Section 504, rehabilitation act 1973
- offered civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities
- prohibited discrimination on the basis of disability
- mandated that PA must be provided to individuals with disabilities
What is the PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
-Ensured the right of individuals with disabilities to a free and public education
-Enshrined the right to participate in physical education classes
-Extended later to include the Least Restrictive Environment and Individualized
Educational Programs (IEP)
What is the PL-95-606 Amateur Sports Act of 1978
mandated that Olympic and amateur sport include athletes with disabilities
and to recognize the international Paralympic movement.
What was the Supports-based approach
- 1980s
•problems reside in person-environment interaction, not solely in the person,
therefore supports should allow person to function in the environment
•Adapted physical activity becomes the common term, sport and lifespan
become prominent, APA becomes defined by change or adaptation rather than
disability, move toward inclusion
Who prompted supports-based approch?
Prompted by Sherrill and others (late 1970's) ... led to a definition that
emphasized individual differences and not the disability.
Prompted society to look at the environment... eg: Duncan Wyeth - Braille on
elevators / flashing lights on fire alarms / ramps to allow access, etc.
When was the international year of disabled persons (United Nations)
Historic mistreatment of people with disabilities BEFORE the 1900s
- perceived as lazy, crazy, stupid, imbeciles and evil (stainton, 2018; Jansma &
French, 1994)
What is infanticide?
Ancient civilizations left infants with disabilities to die on hillside (this was legal)
What did the roman emperors do to individuals with physical disabilities?
- used for bow and arrow target practice (L'Abate & Curtis, 1975)
- sold as slaves, burned, used as court jesters (Jansma & French, 1994; Stainton,
2018)
Who was the first medical doctor to show compassion for people who were
locked away in asylums?
Pinel
When did better treatment start for individuals with disabilities?
1700s
Who unlocked people with mental health problems from their chains?
Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin
How did Dr. Phillipe Pinel and Dr. Jean Baptiste Pussin treat individuals with
disabilities?
life histories were obtained to understand these human beings from a medical
and humanistics perspective
When was the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA)?
1973
Who founded IFAPA?
Dr. Clermont Simard and Dr. Denis Drouin
,What did Friedrich Ludwig Jahn do?
- 1811
- opens Turnplatz and the Turners movement starts (therapeutic gymnastics)
What did Henrik Ling do?
- 1813
- creates medical gymnastics
Who created the 4 paradigms of physical activity for people with disabilities?
Polloway et al., 1996
What were facilities-based approach
- early part of 20th century
- viewed person from medical model of patient (often neglect, isolation and lack
of dignity)
- people with disabilities were excluded from PE --> corrective therapy
When was corrective PE used?
early 20th century
What is corrective PE used?
physical activity and exercise as preventative and therapeutic to alleviate
physical disorders and illnesses
What did Dudley Sargent do?
1908
- advocates for corrective PE for remedial activities and exercises
What did R. Tait McKenzie do?
1909
- PE book about people with sensory impairments and intellectual disabilities
- "Reclaiming the Maimed" - benefits of exercise and sport activities for persons
with a disability and advice from professionals
Who created the first PE program in Canada at McGill University?
Ethel Mary Cartwright
,Who questioned Lord Starthcona's trust and the militaristic edge to PE
programming?
Ethel Mary Cartwright
What happened between 1930's-1940's
- municipal recreation programs become important for society during financial
challenges
- foci of PA for people with disabilities starts to grow with
A) mainly the medical model/ medical gymnastics
B) sport
What is a service-based approach?
- 1950s
- individuals defined largely by the label of the person's disability --> special
programs and services were provided
- adapted physical education became common
What happened in the 1950s-1960s
- first APE textboook
- first paralympic summer games
What did julian stein do?
development of programs and services for services for persons with disability in
US and Canada
Who initiated APA research?
Dr. Janet Wessel (Michigan State Uni)
Dr. Patricia Austin (U of A)
Who regoginzed the low physical fitness levels of people with intellectual
disability?
Dr. Frank Hayden
What happened in 1968
first special olympics competition held at Soldiers Field in chicago
, What also happened in 1968
first national games for athletes with disabilities in Canada (wheelchair Sports
Association)
What is the principle of Normalization?
What is the PL-93-112, Section 504, rehabilitation act 1973
- offered civil rights protection to individuals with disabilities
- prohibited discrimination on the basis of disability
- mandated that PA must be provided to individuals with disabilities
What is the PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
-Ensured the right of individuals with disabilities to a free and public education
-Enshrined the right to participate in physical education classes
-Extended later to include the Least Restrictive Environment and Individualized
Educational Programs (IEP)
What is the PL-95-606 Amateur Sports Act of 1978
mandated that Olympic and amateur sport include athletes with disabilities
and to recognize the international Paralympic movement.
What was the Supports-based approach
- 1980s
•problems reside in person-environment interaction, not solely in the person,
therefore supports should allow person to function in the environment
•Adapted physical activity becomes the common term, sport and lifespan
become prominent, APA becomes defined by change or adaptation rather than
disability, move toward inclusion
Who prompted supports-based approch?
Prompted by Sherrill and others (late 1970's) ... led to a definition that
emphasized individual differences and not the disability.
Prompted society to look at the environment... eg: Duncan Wyeth - Braille on
elevators / flashing lights on fire alarms / ramps to allow access, etc.
When was the international year of disabled persons (United Nations)
