D115 Master Set-Advanced
Pathophysiology Exam With Correct
Answers 2025.
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Sex-
J J J J J J J J J J J
Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
expressed.
J
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔
J J J J J J J J J J J
Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of
J J J J J J J J J J J J
intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
J J J J J
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Chorionic villus sampling
J J J J J J J J J J
(CVS), amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in utero
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester, between weeks
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation.
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one chromosome with a normal
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
complement of genes and one chromosome with a missing gene?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Cri du chat
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
,syndrome (translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
baby with a piercing cry.
J J J J J
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The disease can be
J J J J J J J J J J J
transmitted through female carriers.
J J J J
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an unaffected X to a daughter
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the disease because she has the other X (the only X the
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
father can give to a female) to cancel it out.
J J J J J J J J J J
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire population to the disease rate
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
in an unexposed population?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
occurrence of disease.
J J J
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Many
J J J J J J J J J J J
factors from lifestyle to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
individually provides the most thorough and accurate assessment.
J J J J J J J J
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair.CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The imprinted gene is the silent gene
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
of a gene pair.
J J J J
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
healing?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The underlying chronic illness exists.
J J J J J J
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's reserves to fight against
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
illness.
J
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Eosinophils
J J J J J J J J J J
are the body's primary defense against parasites.
J J J J J J J
,What Phagocytes bacteria?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing
J J J J J J J J
bacteria.
J
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Helper T cells
J J J J J J J J J J J
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the
J J J J J J J J J J J
antigen?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something
J J J J J J J J J J J
foreign.
J
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing an ABO
J J J J J J J J J J J
incompatibility?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The complement pathway is activated in response to blood
J J J J J J J J J J
incompatibility.
J
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔An immediate
J J J J J J J J J J
(type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis.
J J J J J J J
Which four infections are considered fungal infections?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Infection with a fungus is
J J J J J J J J J J J
called mycosis and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
J J J J J J J J J J J
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect infection?CORRECT ANSWERS
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
✔✔Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false negative test
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected.
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
What is a characteristic of exotoxins?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Exotoxins are released during bacterial
J J J J J J J J J J
growth.
J
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
cancer?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and
J J J J J J J J J J J J
have demonstrated a decreased risk of developing colon cancer.
J J J J J J J J J
, Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years most likely to
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
develop?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
cancer.
J
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
J J J J J J J
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength.CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔UV light causes
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
pairs that are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
death or cancer.
J J J
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Exercise-
J J J J J J J J J J
induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
J J J J J J J
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure control and has been shown to
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
have adverse effects on health outcomes.
J J J J J J
true or falseCORRECT ANSWERS✔✔TRUE
J J J J
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health outcomes may result.
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to incorporate research and
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood through university-level education in a manner
J J J J J J J J J J J J
consistent with an individual's literacy level.
J J J J J J
True or falseCORRECT ANSWERS✔✔True
J J J J
Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for understanding and
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
compliance.
J
What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Low literacy often leads to perceived
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
noncompliance to medical instructions, including medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully
J J J J J J J J J J J
understands all instructions is critical for understanding.
J J J J J J J
Pathophysiology Exam With Correct
Answers 2025.
Which type of genetic disease affects males more frequently than females?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Sex-
J J J J J J J J J J J
Linked recessive. Since males only have one X and one Y, if the affected chromosome has the illness, it will be
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
expressed.
J
In which two conditions are chromosomal abnormalities the leading known cause?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔
J J J J J J J J J J J
Intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage. Chromosome abnormalities are the leading known cause of
J J J J J J J J J J J J
intellectual disability and fetal miscarriage.
J J J J J
What are three examples of prenatal diagnostic studies?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Chorionic villus sampling
J J J J J J J J J J
(CVS), amniocentesis, and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) are examples of prenatal diagnostic studies
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
and are performed in vitro. CVS is a form of genetic testing that provides genetic information found in utero
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
and is usually performed between weeks 11 and 14 of pregnancy. An amniocentesis is a form of genetic
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
testing that evaluates amniotic fluid and is usually performed during the second trimester, between weeks
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
15 and 20 of pregnancy. PGT is performed on the embryo prior to implantation.
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
Which genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of a zygote having one chromosome with a normal
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
complement of genes and one chromosome with a missing gene?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Cri du chat
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
,syndrome (translated as "cry of the cat") is caused by a DNA deletion. This term describes the cry often heard
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
from a baby affected by the syndrome. Cri du chat syndrome can present as a microcephalic, low birth-weight
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
baby with a piercing cry.
J J J J J
How can an X-linked recessive disease skip generations?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The disease can be
J J J J J J J J J J J
transmitted through female carriers.
J J J J
Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, the mother may provide an unaffected X to a daughter
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
or son. Furthermore, a daughter may not show signs of the disease because she has the other X (the only X the
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
father can give to a female) to cancel it out.
J J J J J J J J J J
Which type of risk is referred to as the ratio of the disease rate among the entire population to the disease rate
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
in an unexposed population?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Relative risk is a ratio of probability, not an actual
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
occurrence of disease.
J J J
What are the empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Many
J J J J J J J J J J J
factors from lifestyle to genetics affect multifactorial diseases. Observation and evaluation of each case
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
individually provides the most thorough and accurate assessment.
J J J J J J J J
What refers to the silenced gene of a gene pair.CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The imprinted gene is the silent gene
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
of a gene pair.
J J J J
What is the primary reason that some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
healing?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The underlying chronic illness exists.
J J J J J J
A generalized inflammatory response seen in chronic illness depletes the body's reserves to fight against
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
illness.
J
Which cells are the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Eosinophils
J J J J J J J J J J
are the body's primary defense against parasites.
J J J J J J J
,What Phagocytes bacteria?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Macrophages work by eating or phagocytosing
J J J J J J J J
bacteria.
J
What is the first response to a foreign pathogen?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Helper T cells
J J J J J J J J J J J
Which characteristic is the most important determinant of immunogenicity when considering the
J J J J J J J J J J J
antigen?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Immunogenicity is primarily based on the ability to recognize something
J J J J J J J J J J J
foreign.
J
How are erythrocytes destroyed when mismatched blood is administered, causing an ABO
J J J J J J J J J J J
incompatibility?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The complement pathway is activated in response to blood
J J J J J J J J J J
incompatibility.
J
What is the hypersensitivity reaction that causes atopic dermatitis?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔An immediate
J J J J J J J J J J
(type I) hypersensitivity reaction causes atopic dermatitis.
J J J J J J J
Which four infections are considered fungal infections?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Infection with a fungus is
J J J J J J J J J J J
called mycosis and includes dermatophytes (e.g., tineas, which refers to several skin mycoses, including
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
ringworm and athlete's foot) and yeasts, which include candida and aspergillus.
J J J J J J J J J J J
When is the earliest after sexual transmission of HIV that lab results can detect infection?CORRECT ANSWERS
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
✔✔Lab testing can detect HIV RNA 4 to 10 days after sexual transmission, whereas HIV antibody testing may
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
take 23 to 90 days to result in a positive test. Repeat testing may be needed to rule out a false negative test
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
due to testing too soon after exposure, especially if a high likelihood of exposure is suspected.
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
What is a characteristic of exotoxins?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Exotoxins are released during bacterial
J J J J J J J J J J
growth.
J
Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
cancer?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔The results of decreased fat consumption have been widely studied and
J J J J J J J J J J J J
have demonstrated a decreased risk of developing colon cancer.
J J J J J J J J J
, Which cancer is an individual who has worked with asbestos for over 40 years most likely to
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
develop?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Asbestos exposure results in an increased risk of lung and lung lining
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
cancer.
J
Which statement is true regarding ultraviolet (UV) light?
J J J J J J J
The degree of damage is not affected by the light's wavelength.CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔UV light causes
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma when the UVB rays hit DNA strands, causing thymine base
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
pairs that are side by side to pair together, becoming thymine dimers. These thymine dimers lead to cell
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
death or cancer.
J J J
Which cancer does exercise have a convincing impact on reducing?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Exercise-
J J J J J J J J J J
induced myokines cause apoptosis of colon cancer cells.
J J J J J J J
Low healthcare literacy is recognized as a major risk factor in blood pressure control and has been shown to
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
have adverse effects on health outcomes.
J J J J J J
true or falseCORRECT ANSWERS✔✔TRUE
J J J J
By providing patient education at the appropriate literacy level, improved health outcomes may result.
J J J J J J J J J J J J J
One of the goals of the National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy is to incorporate research and
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
evidence-based plans of treatment from childhood through university-level education in a manner
J J J J J J J J J J J J
consistent with an individual's literacy level.
J J J J J J
True or falseCORRECT ANSWERS✔✔True
J J J J
Ensuring the individual can understand all elements of a treatment plan is crucial for understanding and
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
compliance.
J
What is a red flag for low healthcare literacy?CORRECT ANSWERS✔✔Low literacy often leads to perceived
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
noncompliance to medical instructions, including medication instructions. Ensuring the patient fully
J J J J J J J J J J J
understands all instructions is critical for understanding.
J J J J J J J
