COMPLETE; NBME PATHOLOGY 2025 TESTBANK. GENUINE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALL TOPICS(PARTS) INCLUDED. ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS COVERED. GUARANTEED A+

COMPLETE; NBME PATHOLOGY 2025 TESTBANK. GENUINE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALL TOPICS(PARTS) INCLUDED. ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS COVERED. GUARANTEED A+ 1 A 77-year-old woman has chronic renal failure. Her serum urea nitrogen is 40 mg/dL. She is given a diuretic medication and loses 2 kg (4.4 lb). She reduces the protein in her diet and her serum urea nitrogen decreases to 30 mg/dL. Which of the following terms best describes cellular responses to disease and treatment in this woman? A Adaptation B Apoptosis C Necroptosis D Irreversible injury E Metabolic derangement 2 A 53-year-old woman with no prior illnesses has a routine checkup by her physician. On examination she has a blood pressure of 150/95 mm Hg. If her hypertension remains untreated for years, which of the following cellular alterations would most likely be seen in her myocardium? A Apoptosis B Dysplasia C Fatty change D Hemosiderosis E Hyperplasia F Hypertrophy G Metaplasia 3 A 22-year-old woman becomes pregnant. A fetal ultrasound examination at 13 weeks’ gestation shows her uterus measures 7 × 4 × 3 cm. At delivery of a term infant, her uterus measures 34 × 18 × 12 cm. Which of the following cellular processes has contributed most to the increase in her uterine size? A Endometrial glandular hyperplasia B Myometrial fibroblast proliferation C Endometrial stromal hypertrophy D Myometrial smooth muscle hypertrophy E Vascular endothelial hyperplasia 4 A 20-year-old woman breastfeeds her infant. On examination, her breasts are slightly increased in size. Milk can be expressed from both nipples. Which of the following processes that occurred in her breasts during pregnancy enables her to breastfeed the infant? A Ductal metaplasia B Epithelial dysplasia C Intracellular lipid deposition D Lobular hyperplasia E Stromal hypertrophy 5 A 16-year-old boy sustained blunt trauma to his abdomen when he struck a bridge abutment at high speed while driving a motor vehicle. Peritoneal lavage shows a hemoperitoneum, and at laparotomy, a small portion of the left lobe of the injured liver is removed. Two months later, a CT scan of the abdomen shows that the liver has nearly regained its size before the injury. Which of the following processes best explains this CT scan finding? A Apoptosis B Dysplasia C Hyperplasia D Hydropic change E Steatosis 6 A 71-year-old man has had difficulty with urination, including hesitancy and increased frequency, for the past 5 years. A digital rectal examination reveals that his prostate gland is palpably enlarged to twice normal size. A transurethral resection of the prostate is performed, and the microscopic appearance of the prostate “chips” obtained is that of nodules of glands with intervening stroma. Which of the following pathologic processes has most likely occurred in his prostate? A Apoptosis B Dysplasia C Fatty change D Hyperplasia E Hypertrophy F Metaplasia 7. A 29-year-old man sustains a left femoral fracture in a motorcycle accident. His leg is placed in a plaster cast. After his left leg has been immobilized for 6 weeks, the diameter of the left calf has decreased in size. This change in size is most likely to result from which of the following alterations in his calf muscles? A Aplasia B Atrophy C Dystrophy D Hyalinosis E Hypoplasia 9. An 11-year-old girl becomes infected with hepatitis A and experiences mild nausea for 1 week. On physical examination, she has minimal right upper quadrant tenderness and scleral icterus. Laboratory findings include a serum AST of 68 U/L, ALT of 75 U/L, and total bilirubin of 5.1 mg/dL. Her laboratory findings most likely result from which of the following changes in her hepatocytes? A Cell membrane defects B Lysosomal autophagy C Mitochondrial swelling D Nuclear chromatin clumping E Ribosomal dispersion 10 A 33-year-old woman has had increasing lethargy and decreased urine output for the past week. Laboratory studies show her serum creatinine is 4.3 mg/dL and urea nitrogen 40 mg/dL. A renal biopsy is performed, and the specimen is examined using electron microscopy. Which of the following morphologic cellular changes most likely suggests a diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis? A Chromatin clumping B Mitochondrial swelling C Nuclear fragmentation D Plasma membrane blebs E Ribosomal disaggregation 13. A 68-year-old woman suddenly lost consciousness and on awakening 1 hour later, she could not speak or move her right arm. Two months later, a head CT scan showed a large cystic area in the left parietal lobe. Which of the following pathologic processes has most likely occurred in her brain? A Apoptosis B Coagulative necrosis C Fat necrosis D Karyolysis E Liquefactive necrosis 15. An experimental drug administered to a tissue preparation is found to inhibit cellular oxidative phosphorylation when given in high doses, and ATP production drops to 5% of normal. Cell membrane function is diminished. Which of the following substances is most likely to be present at increased concentration in culture fluid bathing the tissue? A Calcium B Glucose C Ketones D Potassium E Sodium 16 A 47-year-old woman has poorly controlled diabetes mellitus and develops coronary artery disease. She now has decreasing cardiac output with blood pressure of 80/40 mm Hg and ejection fraction of 18%. An increase in which of the following substances in her blood is most indicative of reversible cell injury from decreased systemic arterial perfusion of multiple organs and tissues? A Carbon dioxide B Creatinine C Glucose D Lactic acid E Troponin I 17. A tissue preparation is experimentally subjected to a hypoxic environment. The cells in this tissue begin to swell, and chromatin begins to clump in cell nuclei. ATPases are activated, and ATP production decreases. Which of the following ions accumulating in mitochondria and the cytosol contributes most to these findings and to eventual cell death? A Ca2+ B Cl− C HCO3− D K+ E Na+ F PO43− 18 In an experiment, a large amount of a drug is administered to experimental organisms and is converted by cytochrome P-450 to a toxic metabolite. Accumulation of this metabolite leads to increased intracellular lipid peroxidation. Depletion of which of the following intracellular substances within the cytosol exacerbates this form of cellular injury by this mechanism? A ADP B Glutathione C NADPH oxidase D Nitric oxide synthase E mRNA F Sodium 19 In an experiment, metabolically active cells are subjected to radiant energy in the form of x-rays. This results in cell injury caused by hydrolysis of water. Which of the following intracellular enzymes helps to protect the cells from this type of injury? A Endonuclease B Glutathione peroxidase C Lactate dehydrogenase D Phospholipase E Protease 20 A 5-year-old child ingests 50 iron tablets, each with 27 mg of iron. Within 6 hours the child develops abdominal pain and lethargy. On physical examination he is hypotensive. Laboratory studies show metabolic acidosis. Through formation of which of the following compounds is the cell injury in this child most likely mediated? A Ascorbic acid B Hemosiderin C Hydroxyl radical D Nitric oxide E Superoxide dismutase 22. A 54-year-old man experienced severe substernal chest pain for 3 hours. An ECG showed changes consistent with an acute myocardial infarction. After thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), his serum creatine kinase (CK) level increased. Which of the following tissue events most likely occurred in the myocardium after t-PA therapy? A Cellular regeneration B Drug toxicity C Increased synthesis of CK D Myofiber atrophy E Reperfusion injury