Instructor s manual for american government political development and institutional change 12th Edition by Cal Jillson

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SOLUTIONMANUAL
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AmericanGovernment:Political
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Developmentand InstitutionalChange
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12thEditionbyCalJillson,AllChapters1-16
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1. Chapter 1 TheOrigins of American Political Principles
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2. Chapter 2 TheRevolution and theConstitution
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3. Chapter 3 Federalismand American Political Development
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4. Chapter 4 Political Socialization and Public Opinion
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5. Chapter 5 TheMass Media and thePolitical Agenda
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6. Chapter 6 Interest Groups: ThePolitics of Influence
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7. Chapter 7 Political Parties: Winning theRight to Govern
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8. Chapter 8 Voting, Campaigns, and Elections
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9. Chapter 9 Congress: Partisanship, Polarization, and Gridlock
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10. Chapter 10 ThePresident: ExecutivePower in a Separation of Powers Regime
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11. Chapter 11 Bureaucracy: Redesigning Government for theTwenty-First Century
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12. Chapter 12 TheFederal Courts: Activism versus Restraint
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13. Chapter 13 Civil Liberties: Ordered Liberty in America
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14. Chapter 14 Civil Rights: WhereLiberty and Equality Collide
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15. Chapter 15 Government, TheEconomy, and Domestic Policy
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16. Chapter 16 America’s Global Role in theTwenty-First Century
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Chapter1 q




THEORIGINSOFAMERICANPOLITICALPRINCIPLES
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FOCUSQUESTIONS
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Q1 What are the broadpurposes ofgovernment?
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A1 The ancientsbelieved theroleof government andpolitics was to fosterhuman
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qexcellence.However,it isimperative torememberthattheGreeksandRomans q q q q q q q q q q q




qbelieved thevirtuous should rule according tonaturallaw. Furthermore,valuesof q q q q q q q q q q




qequality and order would be served through a societybased upon therule oflaw to
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qprovide forthecommongood. Inthe Middle Ages,governmentwas largely used to
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facilitate religion and maintained theneed for theindividual to live a proper life in the
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serviceofGod. Theroleof government changed in the earlysixteenth centuryby
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downplaying theroleofreligion while alternatively promotingthe role of limited
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governmenttoprotectprivate property and individual rights.
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Q2 Howshouldgovernment be designed to achieve itspurposes?
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A2 Accordingto Plato the philosopher-king’s wisdom and intellect would promote order, q q q q q q q q q q




stability andjustice. Yet, Aristotletakes a more realistic view of Athenian societyby
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advocating thebestform of governmentasa polity,whichcombined oligarchic and
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democratic elementstoproducepoliticalstability. The Romans combinedmonarchical,
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aristocratic, anddemocraticprinciples as amixed governmentwithinrepresentative
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bodies like the Senate andtheAssemblyin order to champion thecauses of both the rich
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andthepoor. Government in theMiddle Ages was determinedthrough divine right,
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wherebya monarch or Pope was ordained by Godto rule. Hence, wisdom and virtue
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rested withinthesefew individuals who governedto promote religious life and protect
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thereligious establishment.The Renaissance,ProtestantReformation,and
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Enlightenment Periods shiftedthe roleof governmentfrom upholding religious doctrine
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to secular concerns,such asprotectinginalienable rights, includingprivate property,
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and promoting commerce.Inturn,Enlightenment political
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© 2023 Taylor& Francis
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philosopherslargelyappealedtoindividualism andnotreligioushierarchy as ameans q q q q q q q q q q




qtoprovideorderandstability in which individuals could flourish.
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Q3 What lessonsabout government did colonial Americans draw from the history ofancient
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Greece and Rome?
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A3 Plato was suspicious of democracy’s rule of the many because good government would
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decay intomobrule. Hence,thepassions ofthemasses neededto be quelled by more
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aristocratic elements. With this problem inmind, theFramers ofthe U.S. Constitution
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referencedthe institutional design ofthe Roman republic adhered to the tradition of
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mixedgovernment initially expounded byAristotle andthe Romans. This was
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maintained inthe indirect selectionofboththe Senateandthe presidency within the
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Constitution.Aristotle also advocatedmixing aristocratic anddemocratic elementsin a
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governingstructurecalled a polity.In effect,this governmental design allowed the few
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andthe manyto participate in the politics providing an orderly society wherethepoor
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should be ableto select government officials who were held accountable.This was also
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mademanifest inthe Constitution withits aristocratic-like Senateandthemore
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democratic House ofRepresentatives. Thus the American republic’s Constitution
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established institutional powers to govern accordingto the rule of law. While the
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Framers rejectedthe religious hierarchyoftheMiddle Ages, theyappealed to
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inalienable rightsendowed upon every individual by God,per the writings of John
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Locke, in which a just governmentand societycould not be impeded.
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Q4 What circumstances ledEuropeans toleavetheirhomelands tosettle inAmerica?
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A4 Individuals immigrated tothe coloniestoescapereligious persecution and civil unrest q q q q q q q q q q q




afterthe English Civil War and topursue social and economic opportunities. Colonists
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enjoyeda vast arrayofnatural resources and a large geographical area where
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freedomofreligion and economicopportunity flourished. Also,their heterogeneous
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social composition as well as continual promotionof ideals, such as equality and
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tolerance,tendedtopromotepolitical freedom atthe sametimethat socialexpansion
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ofthepopulation wasoccurring.
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Q5 What did democracy meantoourcolonial ancestors, and didthey approve it?
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A5 Thecolonists wereskepticalof democracy and viewed this typeof governing authority
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as mobrule. Society was largely seenas segmented intothosewho should rule and
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thosewho should not. In fact,the Founders believed that the elite (well- educated, land
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owners)should occupypositionsof leadership.Thus, an aristocratic elementwithin
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government wasnecessary toprotectagainst thethreat ofmobrule historically
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associated with democracy.Fundamentally, the ideaofrepublicanism was promoted
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as an ideal at a higher level than democracy.Thiswas mademost manifest inthe
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tendencytoprefermixed
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©2023 Taylor& Francis
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